13 research outputs found

    Carbon isotope ratios (mean δ<sup>13</sup>±SD) of <i>P. japonica</i> adults collected from maize patches.

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    <p>In 2008 (<b>A</b>), 2009 (<b>B</b>), 2010 (<b>C</b>). MV, middle δ<sup>13</sup>C values of <i>P. japonica</i> adults was −16.71 as the proportion of aphids from a C<sub>3</sub>-based resource (cotton aphids reared on cotton) and a C<sub>4</sub> -based resource (maize aphids reared on maize) was 50%.</p

    Estimated proportion of diet for <i>P. japonica</i> adults originating from C<sub>3</sub>-based resources and/or C<sub>4</sub>-based resources in the field from 2008–2010.<sup>a</sup>

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    a<p>Proportions of diet for <i>P. japonica</i> adults were estimated based on the carbon isotope ratio linear equation and δ<sup>13</sup>C value of <i>P. japonica</i> adults collected in field.</p

    Carbon isotope ratios of <i>P. japonica</i> adults in laboratory.

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    <p>(<b>A</b>) Carbon isotope ratios of plant and insect species used in dietary switching experiment. Carbon isotope ratios (mean δ<sup>13</sup>±SD) of plants (cotton and maize), aphids from cotton and maize, and <i>P. japonica</i> adults. Adult (C3) was raised on cotton aphids. Adult (C4) was raised on maize aphids. MV, middle δ<sup>13</sup>C values of <i>P. japonica</i> adults was −16.71‰ as the proportion of aphids from a C<sub>3</sub>-based resource and a C<sub>4</sub> -based resource was 50%. Error bars indicate the SD. (<b>B</b>) Carbon isotope ratios of <i>P. japonica</i> adults in dietary switching experiment. Carbon isotope ratios (mean δ<sup>13</sup>±SD) of laboratory-reared <i>P. japonica</i> adults (▴) before and after a shift in diet from a C<sub>3</sub>-based resource (cotton aphids reared on cotton) to one based on C<sub>4</sub> plants (maize aphids reared on maize). (<b>C</b>) Relationship of δ<sup>13</sup>C values of <i>P. japonica</i> and proportions of aphids form C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub>-based resource. Aphids were from a C<sub>3</sub>-based resource and a C<sub>4</sub> -based resource on which they were grown in the laboratory. The ladybird beetles were grown from eggs to adults on five food mixtures consisting of, respectively, 100% cotton aphids/0% maize aphids, 75% cotton aphids/25% maize aphids, 50% cotton aphids/50% maize aphids, 25% cotton aphids/75% maize aphids and 0% cotton aphids/100% maize aphids. Linear equation Y = 0.120X-22.723 (<i>F</i> = 57.08, <i>P</i> = 0.005, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.95): where Y is δ<sup>13</sup> values of <i>P. japonica</i>, X is proportion of aphids from a C<sub>3</sub>-based resource and a C<sub>4</sub>-based resource.</p

    Dynamics of <i>P. japonica</i> larvae.

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    <p>Densities of <i>P. japonica</i> larvae in cotton patches (black triangle) and maize patches (red circle) in field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>A</b>), 2009 (<b>B</b>), and 2010 (<b>C</b>). *Significant differences between densities of <i>P. japonica</i> larvae in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. **Significant differences between densities of <i>P. japonica</i> larvae in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.01. Densities of accumulative <i>P. japonica</i> larvae in cotton patches and maize patches at all sample dates of field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>D</b>), 2009 (<b>E</b>) or 2010 (<b>F</b>). Different lowercases above the bars indicate significant differences in densities of accumulative <i>P. japonica</i> larvae in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. Data are presented as adults per square meter of crop plants (mean±SE) with separate field landscape plots used as replicates. Sample size of cotton patch and maize patch are both 20. N indicates the size of samples tested.</p

    Dynamics of aphid density.

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    <p>Aphid density in cotton patches (black triangle) and maize patches (red circle) in field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>A</b>), 2009 (<b>B</b>), and 2010 (<b>C</b>). The data for aphid density were log-transformed (ln(n+1)). *Significant differences between densities of aphid in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. **Significant differences between densities of aphid in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.01. Densities of accumulative aphid in cotton patches and maize patches at all sample dates of field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>D</b>), 2009 (<b>E</b>) or 2010 (<b>F</b>). Different lowercases above the bars indicate significant differences in densities of accumulative aphid in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. Data are presented per square meter of crop plants (mean±SE) with separate field landscape plots used as replicates. Sample size of cotton patch and maize patch are both 20. N indicates the size of samples tested.</p

    Linear regression between densities of <i>P. japonica</i> adults on maize and landscape shape index of plot.<sup>a</sup>

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    a<p>x is the landscape shape index of plot, y is the densities of <i>P. japonica</i> adults on maize patches of plot.</p>b<p>the densities of <i>P. japonica</i> adults on maize patches in each plot were accumulated in all sample dates in 2008, 2009 or 2010.</p

    Dynamics of <i>P. japonica</i> adults.

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    <p>Densities of <i>P. japonica</i> adults in cotton patches (black triangle) and maize patches (red circle) in field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>A</b>), 2009 (<b>B</b>), and 2010 (<b>C</b>). *Significant differences between densities of <i>P. japonica</i> adults in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. **Significant differences between densities of <i>P. japonica</i> adults in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.01. Densities of accumulative <i>P. japonica</i> adults in cotton patches and maize patches at all sample dates of field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>D</b>), 2009 (<b>E</b>) or 2010 (<b>F</b>). Different lowercases above the bars indicate significant differences in densities of accumulative <i>P. japonica</i> adults in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. Data are presented as adults per square meter of crop plants (mean±SE) with separate field landscape plots used as replicates. Sample size of cotton patch and maize patch are both 20. N indicates the size of samples tested.</p

    Spatial layout of the field experiment.

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    <p>The field was 90 m×90 m and divided into 25 15 m×15 m plots, each plot consisting of 24 rows and 50 columns. The spacing between neighboring plots was 3–4 m. Green and red areas in plot indicate the planting of cotton and maize.</p

    Repeated-measures analysis to population density of adult <i>P. japonica</i> between on two crops and among maize patches of various area in 2008, 2009 and 2010.<sup>a</sup>

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    a<p>Statistic results corrected by Greenhouse–Geisser, as P value<0.05 (Mauehly’s Test of Sphericity).</p>b<p>Two crops: cotton and maize.</p>c<p>Maize patches of four area proportions: 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of maize in plots.</p
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