Mortality and length of stay of very low birth weight and very preterm infants: a EuroHOPE study

The objective of this paper was to compare health outcomes and hospital care use of very low birth weight (VLBW), and very preterm (VLGA) infants in seven European countries. Analysis was performed on linkable patient-level registry data from seven European countries between 2006 and 2008 (Finland, Hungary, Italy (the Province of Rome), the Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, and Sweden). Mortality and length of stay (LoS) were adjusted for differences in gestational age (GA), sex, intrauterine growth, Apgar score at five minutes, parity and multiple births. The analysis included 16,087 infants. Both the 30-day and one-year adjusted mortality rates were lowest in the Nordic countries (Finland, Sweden and Norway) and Scotland and highest in Hungary and the Netherlands. For survivors, the adjusted average LoS during the first year of life ranged from 56 days in the Netherlands and Scotland to 81 days in Hungary. There were large differences between European countries in mortality rates and LoS in VLBW and VLGA infants. Substantial data linkage problems were observed in most countries due to inadequate identification procedures at birth, which limit data validity and should be addressed by policy makers across Europe

How to eliminate/eradicate: the role of incentives and financial issues.

<p>How to eliminate/eradicate: the role of incentives and financial issues.</p

Cumulative economic costs of donated ivermectin and community volunteers’ unpaid time over 2013–2045 for the control, elimination, and eradication scenarios.

<p>CN: control scenario, EL: elimination scenario, ER: eradication scenario</p

Average unit costs across endemic African countries.

<p>^* Average unit costs across national averages for endemic African countries with budgets available</p><p>^% Agriculture value added per worker [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004056#pntd.0004056.ref017" target="_blank">17</a>], 2012 GDP per capita [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004056#pntd.0004056.ref010" target="_blank">10</a>]</p><p>^& IEC: Information/Education/Communication</p><p>^@ Data from Wanji et al. 2009 [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004056#pntd.0004056.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>]</p><p>^# Based on the APOC budget plan for 2008–2015 and Sightsavers’s strategic plan for 2011–2021 [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004056#pntd.0004056.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>,<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004056#pntd.0004056.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>]</p><p><u>Note: all capital costs for non-disposable goods were annuitized with 3% over six years.</u></p><p>Average unit costs across endemic African countries.</p

Annual and cumulative financial and economic costs over 2013–2045 for the control, elimination, and eradication scenarios.

<p>Annual and cumulative financial and economic costs over 2013–2045 for the control, elimination, and eradication scenarios.</p

Why to eliminate/eradicate: The impact of elimination/eradication on economic development, human capital accumulation.

<p>Why to eliminate/eradicate: The impact of elimination/eradication on economic development, human capital accumulation.</p

One-way sensitivity analysis for cumulative financial and economic costs over 2013–2045.

<p>One-way sensitivity analysis for CDTi performance parameters and discount rate is deterministic (using the lower and upper limits); that for cost items is probabilistic (using gamma distributions fitted to relevant data).</p

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Diagram.

<p>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Diagram.</p

Why to eliminate/eradicate: costs, benefits and economic evaluations of eliminating/eradicating infectious diseases.

<p>Abbreviations: CBA = cost-benefit analysis; DALY = disability-adjusted life year; CEA = cost-effectiveness analysis; MDA = mass drug administration; GPEI = global polio eradication initiative; KA = kala-azar; GPELF = global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis; VL = visceral leishmaniasis.</p><p>Why to eliminate/eradicate: costs, benefits and economic evaluations of eliminating/eradicating infectious diseases.</p

Steps in the care cascade by percent of prior level for hypertension and diabetes.

This shows the share of people who were previously diagnosed with the condition if they screened positive, the percent who were engaged in care if previously diagnosed, the percent retained in treatment if they were engaged in care, and the percent that had their condition controlled if they were retained in treatment.</p