HLA DR expression on the surface of circulating monocytes, myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs.

<p>Blood samples were incubated with PBS or the indicated stimulant. The different subpopulations were gated as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010407#s2" target="_blank">Material and Methods</a> section. Expression was compared in samples from the different age groups: Cord blood (CB, n = 10), 3-month (3 m, n = 10), 6&9-month (6–9 m pooled data from n = 4 and 8, respectively), 12-month (12 m, n = 9) old infants and healthy adults (n = 16). Data are represented as median+interquartile range. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01, ***<i>p</i><0.001 as compared to stimulated adult samples.</p

CD80 expression on the surface of circulating monocytes, myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs.

<p>The different subpopulations were gated as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010407#s2" target="_blank">Material and Methods</a> section. Expression was compared in samples from the different age groups: Cord blood (CB, n = 10), 3-month (3 m, n = 10), 6 and 9-month (6–9 m, pooled data from n = 4 and 8, respectively), 12-month (12 m, n = 9) old infants and healthy adults (n = 16). Data are represented as median+interquartile range. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01, ***<i>p</i><0.001.</p

Age-dependent upregulation of LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IP-10, IL-12p70 and IFN-γ.

<p>Whole blood samples were stimulated with LPS and culture supernatants were collected after 16–18 h. Production in the different infant groups was compared to adult values. Cord blood (CB, n = 13), 3-month (3 m, n = 15), 6-month (6 m, n = 8), 9-month (9 m, n = 9), 12-month (12 m, n = 9) old infants and healthy adults (n = 10). Data are represented as median+interquartile range. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01, ***<i>p</i><0.001 as compared to stimulated adult samples.</p

Age-dependent upregulation of CpG-induced production of IP-10 and MIG.

<p>Whole blood samples were stimulated with CpG A+B combination and culture supernatants were collected after 16–18 h. Production in the different infant groups was compared to adult values. Cord blood (CB, n = 13), 3-month (3 m, n = 10), 6&9-month (6 m, n = 3, 9 m, n = 5), 12-month (12 m, n = 11) old infants and healthy adults (n = 10). Data are represented as median+interquartile range. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01, ***<i>p</i><0.001 as compared to stimulated adult samples.</p

General characteristics of the participants.

<p>General characteristics of the participants.</p

Hyperproduction of specific cytokines in early life.

<p>Whole blood samples were stimulated with the indicated TLR ligand and culture supernatants were collected after 16–18 h. Production in the different infant groups was compared to adult values. Cord blood (CB, n = 13), 3-month (3 m, n = 10), 6&9-month (6 m, n = 3, 9 m, n = 5), 12-month (12 m, n = 11) old infants and healthy adults (n = 10). Data are represented as median+interquartile range. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01, ***<i>p</i><0.001 as compared to stimulated adult samples.</p