Laryngoscopic images after injection laryngoplasty of sECM/MC hydrogels into the left paralyzed vocal fold.

<p>The sECM/MC hydrogel injection group exhibited a straight and medialized vocal fold (white arrowhead) while the control group had a curved and lateralized vocal fold (black arrowhead), which is likely due to denervation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.</p

Human Adipose Tissue Derived Extracellular Matrix and Methylcellulose Hydrogels Augments and Regenerates the Paralyzed Vocal Fold - Fig 2

<p><b>Representative serial images of high-speed camera recording at 8 weeks (A), the asymmetric index using videokymograms (B) and the results of asymmetry index for vocal functional analysis (C)</b>. (A) Normal and symmetrical vocal contacts showed no change in the vibration of vocal mucosa in sECM/MC groups relative to the control group. (B) The maximum distance in the left denervated vocal fold (<i>a</i>) was compared to the right vocal fold (<i>b</i>) using a videokymogram to generate an asymmetry index. The asymmetry index was calculated as follows: Asymmetry index = <i>a</i> / <i>b</i>. (C) The mean asymmetry index of the sECM/MC hydrogel group (1.020 ± 0.069) and the control group (0.787 ± 0.102) are shown (<i>p</i> = 0.047 using a Mann-Whitney U test). In diseased conditions, the index deviates from the value of 1.0</p

Foamy histiocyte with intracellular fatty lobules and neo-vascularization in the injected sECM/MC hydrogels.

<p>(A) Focal capillary ingrowths (arrowhead) into the injection site. Cell aggregations with intracellular fatty lobules in the injection area (asterisk). (B) RAM 11 positive cells (dark brown) are foamy histiocytes, which increased as a function of time.</p

Human Adipose Tissue Derived Extracellular Matrix and Methylcellulose Hydrogels Augments and Regenerates the Paralyzed Vocal Fold - Fig 3

Standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of rabbit larynx after injection laryngoplasty into the left paralyzed vocal fold (A) and the quantitative analysis of remaining volume of sECM/MC hydrogels (B). (A) Histological examination of the injected biomaterials at 8 weeks post procedure. Area of the laryngeal intrinsic muscle was smaller on the denervated side in the control group (green dotted line) than on the contralateral normal side. In the sECM/MC group, the laryngeal muscle area was compensated for by the injected sECM/MC hydrogel (brown dotted line). The injected sECM/MC hydrogel (arrowhead) induced no significant inflammatory response including neutrophils or lymphocytes aggregation in the surrounding muscle (*), lamina propria (†), or epithelium (‡). (B) Quantitative analysis of remaining sECM/MC hydrogel volume (p = 0.501 using Kruskal-Wallis test).</p

Schematic illustration of experimental protocols.

(A) Sham group. (B) CRP-only group. (C) I/R-only group. D, I/R+CRP group.</p

Evans blue and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.

Evans blue and TTC staining determined infarct area (1, white), area at risk (2, red), and non-ischemic area (3, blue).</p

Genes significantly changed in each group compared to the sham group in non-ischemic myocardium (blue area by evans blue and TTC staining).

Genes significantly changed in each group compared to the sham group in non-ischemic myocardium (blue area by evans blue and TTC staining).</p

Western blot of dialyzed CRP and treated CRP with urea and EDTA.

The dialyzed CRP appeared at much higher sizes than the treated CRP did, suggesting pentameric CRP (pCRP) and monomeric CRP (mCRP), respectively. Western blotting showed that the mCRP was detected with the anti-CRP antibody (ab32412). pCRP, but no mCRP, was found in infused human CRP.</p

Genes significantly changed in each group compared to the sham group in ischemic but viable myocardium (red area by evans blue and TTC staining).

Genes significantly changed in each group compared to the sham group in ischemic but viable myocardium (red area by evans blue and TTC staining).</p

miRNA expression profiles.

Global miRNA expression analysis of ischemic but viable myocardium (A, red myocardium by Evans blue and TTC staining) and non-ischemic myocardium (B, blue myocardium by Evans blue and TTC staining). Venn diagrams (upper) and corresponding heat maps (lower) show significantly different expressions of miRNAs when compared to sham group. miRNAs with average expression count > 10, fold change >2 or < -2, and P value < .05 were selected.</p