Univariable and multivariable Cox-regression analysis for DFS after PSM (n = 94).

Univariable and multivariable Cox-regression analysis for DFS after PSM (n = 94).</p

Overall survival and disease-free survival according to combination of pre and post NLRs using cut-off value 3 (A, B) and according to group A versus groups B-D (C, D) in whole cohort (n = 131).

Overall survival and disease-free survival according to combination of pre and post NLRs using cut-off value 3 (A, B) and according to group A versus groups B-D (C, D) in whole cohort (n = 131).</p

Clinicopathologic characteristics of overall patients (n = 131).

Clinicopathologic characteristics of overall patients (n = 131).</p

Overall survival and disease-free survival according to cut-off value 3 of pre-NLR (A, B) and post-NLR (C, D).

Overall survival and disease-free survival according to cut-off value 3 of pre-NLR (A, B) and post-NLR (C, D).</p

Results of previous studies on NLR in rectal cancer patients with or without preoperative chemoradiotherapy.

Results of previous studies on NLR in rectal cancer patients with or without preoperative chemoradiotherapy.</p

Resveratrol suppresses both MPO and NO production in rotenone-exposed microglia.

<p><b>A–B.</b> Mouse BV2 microglial cells (<b>A</b>) and rat primary microglia (<b>B</b>) were pre-treated with or without the indicated concentrations of resveratrol (RESV) for 1 h, and then incubated with 30 nM rotenone (Rot) for 24 h. The levels of MPO were analyzed by FACS using an anti-MPO antibody. The graph represents the fold changes in MFI (mean fluorescence intensity) ± SD from more than three independent experiments. The graph represents the fold changes in Mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *<i>P<0.05,</i> **<i>P<0.01</i> compared with rotenone-treated cells. <b>C.</b> Rat primary microglia were mock-treated or treated with 30 nM rotenone in the presence or absence of the indicated concentrations of resveratrol for 24 h, and supernatants were assayed for nitrate concentration. *<i>P = 0.01;</i> **<i>P = 0.001;</i> ***<i>P = 0.001.</i></p

Rotenone-triggered neuronal injury was attenuated by resveratrol in neuron-microglia co-cultures.

<p><b>A.</b> Rat primary mesencephalic neurons were incubated with or without rat primary microglia (PM) using transwell chambers, and the cells were treated with 10 µM resveratrol and/or 30 nM rotenone for 3 days. Cell viability was analyzed using the LDH assay. Data were expressed as the percentage of cell death relative to maximum LDH control. The results are the mean ± SD of three experiments performed in triplicate. ***<i>P<0.001</i> when compared with rotenone-treated cell. <b>B.</b> TH-positive dopaminergic neurons were determined in rotenone- and/or resveratrol-treated rat primary mesencephalic cultures with or without primary microglia. The results for TH positive cells are expressed as a percentage of the mock-treated control cultures. *<i>P = 0.002</i> when compared with rotenone-treated cell; <i>N.S.</i> no significant difference. <b>C-E.</b> Primary neuron-microglia co-cultures were treated with 30 nM rotenone and/or 10 µM resveratrol for 1 day. The morphological changes of dopaminergic neuronal cells were evaluated immunocytochemically using antibodies specific for TH (green) (<b>C</b>). Scale bar = 20 µm. The primary dendrite number (<b>D</b>) and maximal dendrite length (<b>E</b>) of TH-positive neurons were measured using TH immunocytochemistry and AxioVision software. The results expressed as a mean percent change ± SD of the mock-treated control values from three independent experiments. *<i>P = 0.005,</i> **<i>P = 0.031, ***P = 0.002</i>; <i>N.S.,</i> no significant difference.</p

Patients’ characteristics according to combination of pre and post-chemoradiotherapy neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio before and after propensity score matching (PSM).

Patients’ characteristics according to combination of pre and post-chemoradiotherapy neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio before and after propensity score matching (PSM).</p

MPO-dependent increase of MPO levels are attenuated by resveratrol in rat primary microglia and astrocytes.

<p><b>A.</b> Rat primary microglia (PM, upper) and astrocytes (PA, lower) were pretreated with resveratrol (RESV), ethyl pyruvate (EtPy), or 15d-PGJ2 for 1 h, followed by incubation with 100 ng/ml MPO for 18 h. MPO levels were determined by Western blot analyses. <b>B.</b> Concentration-dependent effects of resveratrol were observed in MPO-treated primary microglia. <b>C.</b> Rat primary microglia were treated with 20 µM resveratrol and/or 100 ng/ml MPO at various time points. The cells were further incubated for 18 h and then MPO levels were examined by western blot analyses. The data shown are representative of at least three independent experiments.</p

Resveratrol relieves the impaired inflammatory responses of MPO-deficient primary mixed glia to rotenone exposure.

<p><b>A.</b> Primary mixed glial cells from <i>Mpo^−/−</i> mice were mock-treated or treated with the indicated concentrations of resveratrol (RESV) for 1 h before exposure to 30 nM rotenone (Rot) for 24 h, and the supernatants were assayed for nitrate concentration. The results are the fold changes in mean ± SD of three experiments performed in triplicate.*<i>P<0.05,</i> **<i>P<0.01</i> when compared with rotenone-treated cells. <b>B.</b> Primary mixed glial cells from <i>Mpo^−/−</i> mice were mock-treated or treated with 20 µM resveratrol prior exposure to 30 nM rotenone. The levels of IL-1β, COX-2 and TNF-α mRNA in primary mixed glia from <i>Mpo^−/−</i> mice were determined by RT-PCR-based analyses. The data are representative of more than three independent experiments. <b>C–D.</b> Primary mixed glial cells from <i>Mpo^−/−</i> mice were incubated with the indicated concentrations of resveratrol and/or rotenone for 3 days. Cell viability was determined using the LDH assay (<b>C</b>) and the CCK-8 assay (<b>D</b>). Data were expressed as the percentage of cell death or cell viability to mock-treated cells from more than three independent experiments (<b>C</b> and <b>D</b>, respectively). *<i>P<0.05,</i> **<i>P<0.01</i> when compared with rotenone-treated cells.</p