Стилистический эффект разговорной речи и его составляющие

В обучении русскому языку как иностранному на современном этапе большое внимание уделяется особенностям русской разговорной речи. Это обусловлено целым рядом причин, среди которых, на наш взгляд, можно выделить следующие: во-первых, разговорная речь всегда отличается активностью проникновения во все сферы жизнедеятельности людей и функционирует как в повседневном общении, так и в различных сферах (литературе, кино, политике и т.д.). Во-вторых, разговорная речь носит многожанровый характер, что зачастую затрудняет ее понимание иностранными студентами. В-третьих, в разговорную речь помимо слов нейтрального стиля все активнее стала проникать арготическая лексика. Именно в связи с этим особый интерес у нас вызывает разговорный стиль речи в преломлении на инофонную аудиторию

Alguns dados sobre a Fauna entomológica da ilha das Flores - Açores

IV Expedição Científica do Departamento de Biologia - Flores 1989Com este trabalho, realizado em Julho de 1989 nas Flores - a ilha mais ocidental do Arquipélago dos Açores -, acrescentaram-se onze espécies de Lepidópteros à lista referenciada para aquela ilha, pertencendo uma à família Lycaenidae (Lampides boeticus L.), oito a familia Noctuidae (Agrotis ipsilon HFN., Brotolomia meticulosa L., Chrysodeixis chalcites ESPER., Heliothis armigera HBN., Noctua atlantica WARREN, Noctua pronuba L., Peridroma saucia HBN., Sesamia nonagrioides LEF.), uma à família Nymphalidae (Vanessa atalanta L.) e uma a família Pyralidae (Glyphodes unionalis HBN.). Entre os demais insectos, foram identificadas cerca de duas dezenas e meia de espécies, distribuídas pelas Ordens Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera e Collembola. Salienta-se ainda a importância, do ponto de vista agronómico, das pragas Mythimna unipuncta (HAWORTH) e Xestia c-nigrun L. naquela ilha.RÉSUMÉ: Avec ce travail, réalisé en Juillet 1989 a Flores - l'île plus occidental de l'archipel des Açores, onze espèces de Lépidoptères ont été ajoutées à la liste des espèces connus pour cette île, dont une appartient a la famille Lycaenidae (Lampides boelicus L.), huit à la famille Noctuidae (Agrotis ipsilon HFN., Brotolomia meticulosa L. Chrysodeicis chalcites ESPER., Heliothis armigera HBN., Noctua atlantica WARREN, Noctua pronuba L., Peridroma saucia HBN., Sesamia nonagrioides LEF.), une à la famille Nymphalidae (Vanessa atalanta L.) et une à la famille Pyralidae (Glyphodes unionalis HBN.). Parmi les autres insects ont été identifiés environ deux dizaines et demie d'espèces, lesquelles sont réparties par les Ordres Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera et Collembola. On remarque I'importance, du point de vue agronomique, des ravageurs Mythimna unipuncra (HAWORTH) et Xestia c-nigrum L. dans cette île

MAIT cells are reduced in frequency and functionally impaired in human T lymphotropic virus type 1 infection: Potential clinical implications

<div><p>HTLV-1 infection is associated with several inflammatory disorders, including the neurodegenerative condition HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is unclear why a minority of infected subjects develop HAM/TSP. The cellular immune response has been implicated in the development of inflammatory alterations in these patients; however the pathogenic mechanisms for disease progression remain unclear. Furthermore, HTLV-1-infected individuals have an increase incidence of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) infection, suggesting that immunological defect are associated with HTLV-1 infection. Evidence suggests an important role for Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the early control of Mtb infection. Chronic viral infections like HIV and HCV have been associated with decreased frequency and functionality of MAIT cells. We hypothesized that HTLV-1 infection is associated with similar perturbations in MAIT cells. We investigated MAIT cell frequency, phenotype, and function by flow cytometry in a cohort of 10 asymptomatic and 10 HAM/TSP HTLV-1 infected patients. We found that MAIT cells from HTLV-1-infected subjects were reduced and showed high co-expression of the activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR but normal levels of CCR6 and CD127. MAIT cells had a lower expression of the transcription factor PLZF in HAM/TSP patients. Unlike Tax-specific CD8+T cells, which are hyperfunctional, MAIT cells from HTLV-1-infected subjects had a poor IFNγ response following antigen stimulation. MAIT cell perturbations in HTLV-1 infection were not associated with HTLV-1 proviral load and MAIT cells were not infected by HTLV-1 <i>in vivo</i>. Rather, MAIT cells loss was associated with immune activation. Overall, our results do not support a role for MAIT cells in HAM/TSP pathogenesis but reduced numbers of MAIT cells, together with their poor functionality, could contribute to the increased susceptibility of HTLV-1-infected individuals to other infectious agents.</p></div

MAIT cells are reduced in HTLV-1 infection.

<p>Representative flow plots showing gating strategy and MAIT cell frequency in healthy controls and HTLV-infected individuals (A). Frequency of MAIT cells in healthy controls (n = 12) and HLTV-1 patients (n = 20) (B). Frequency of MAIT cells in asymptomatic (n = 10) and HAM/TSP (n = 10) HTLV-1 patients (C). ** indicates p < 0.001. The lines and whiskers represent the median and interquartile range respectively.</p

MAIT cells are not preferentially infected by HTLV-1.

<p>Proviral load in sorted CD4 T cells (closed circles) and MAIT cells (open circles) from three HTLV-1-infected subjects.</p

MAIT cells are activated in HTLV-1 infection.

<p>Co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR by CD4 T cells in healthy controls (n = 12) and HLTV-1 patients (n = 20) (A). Co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR by CD4 T cells in asymptomatic (n = 10) and HAM/TSP (n = 10) HTLV-1 patients (B). Co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR by CD8 T cells in healthy controls and HLTV-1 patients (C). Co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR by CD4 T cells in asymptomatic and HAM/TSP HTLV-1 patients (D). Co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR by MAIT cells in healthy controls and HLTV-1 patients (E). Co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR by MAIT cells in asymptomatic and HAM/TSP HTLV-1 patients (F). * indicates p <b>≤</b> 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, and *** indicates p < 0.001. The lines and whiskers represent the median and interquartile range respectively.</p

Patients demographics.

<p>Patients demographics.</p

MAIT cells are functionally impaired in HTLV-1 infection.

<p>PBMCs were stimulated with <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> for 24h at a MOI of 10 and Monensin was added during the last 6 hours before staining for surface antigens and intracellular staining for IFNγ. Representative flow plots of CD69 expression and IFNγ production by MAIT cells (CD3+ Vα7.2+ CD161+) from healthy controls and HTLV-1-infected individuals (A). Production of IFNγ by MAIT cells in healthy controls (n = 11) and HTLV-1-infected subjects (n = 17) (B). Production of IFNγ by MAIT cells in asymptomatic (n = 8), and HAM/TSP (n = 9) HTLV-1-infected subjects (C). CD69 expression by MAIT cells in healthy controls and HTLV-1-infected subjects (D). CD69 expression by MAIT cells in asymptomatic, and HAM/TSP HTLV-1-infected subjects (E). * indicates p <b>≤</b> 0.05 and ** indicates p < 0.01. The lines and whiskers represent the median and interquartile range respectively.</p

Associations between immune activation and HTLV-1 proviral load.

<p>Associations between proviral load and CD4 T cell (A), CD8 T cell (B), and MAIT cell (C) co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR. Association between proviral load and MAIT cell frequency (D). Association between co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR (E) and PD-1 expression (F) by MAIT cells and MAIT cell frequency.</p

Subsets of NKT cells from CVID patients.

<p>(A) Percentage of CD4 marker in NKT cells (left) (p = 0.0055). (B) Absolute number of CD4 marker in NKT cells (middle). (C) Representative flow cytometry dot plot of CD4 marker (right). (D) Percentage of CD8 marker in NKT cells (left) (p = 0.011). (E) Absolute number of CD8 marker in NKT cells (middle) (p = 0.002). (F) Representative flow cytometry dot plot of CD8 marker (right). (G) Percentage of CD161 marker in NKT cells (left). (H) Absolute number of CD161 marker in NKT cells (middle). (I) Representative flow cytometry dot plot of CD161 marker (right).</p