On-Chip Construction of Liver Lobule-like Microtissue and Its Application for Adverse Drug Reaction Assay

Engineering the liver <i>in vitro</i> is promising to provide functional replacement for patients with liver failure, or tissue models for drug metabolism and toxicity analysis. In this study, we describe a microfluidics-based biomimetic approach for the fabrication of an <i>in vitro</i> 3D liver lobule-like microtissue composed of a radially patterned hepatic cord-like network and an intrinsic hepatic sinusoid-like network. The hepatic enzyme assay showed that the 3D biomimetic microtissue maintained high basal CYP-1A1/2 and UGT activities, responded dynamically to enzyme induction/inhibition, and preserved great hepatic capacity of drug metabolism. Using the established biomimetic microtissue, the potential adverse drug reactions that induced liver injury were successfully analyzed via drug–drug interactions of clinical pharmaceuticals. The results showed that predosed pharmaceuticals which agitated CYP-1A1/2 and/or UGT activities would alter the toxic effect of the subsequently administrated drug. All the results validated the utility of the established biomimetic microtissue in toxicological studies <i>in vitro</i>. Also, we anticipate the microfluidics-based bioengineering strategy would benefit liver tissue engineering and liver physiology/pathophysiology studies, as well as <i>in vitro</i> assessment of drug-induced hepatotoxicity

On-Chip Construction of Liver Lobule-like Microtissue and Its Application for Adverse Drug Reaction Assay

Engineering the liver <i>in vitro</i> is promising to provide functional replacement for patients with liver failure, or tissue models for drug metabolism and toxicity analysis. In this study, we describe a microfluidics-based biomimetic approach for the fabrication of an <i>in vitro</i> 3D liver lobule-like microtissue composed of a radially patterned hepatic cord-like network and an intrinsic hepatic sinusoid-like network. The hepatic enzyme assay showed that the 3D biomimetic microtissue maintained high basal CYP-1A1/2 and UGT activities, responded dynamically to enzyme induction/inhibition, and preserved great hepatic capacity of drug metabolism. Using the established biomimetic microtissue, the potential adverse drug reactions that induced liver injury were successfully analyzed via drug–drug interactions of clinical pharmaceuticals. The results showed that predosed pharmaceuticals which agitated CYP-1A1/2 and/or UGT activities would alter the toxic effect of the subsequently administrated drug. All the results validated the utility of the established biomimetic microtissue in toxicological studies <i>in vitro</i>. Also, we anticipate the microfluidics-based bioengineering strategy would benefit liver tissue engineering and liver physiology/pathophysiology studies, as well as <i>in vitro</i> assessment of drug-induced hepatotoxicity

Image_2_Identification of MYH9 Key Domain Involved in the Entry of PRRSV Into Permissive Cells.tif

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes huge losses economically to the pig industry worldwide. Previous research suggested that receptor dependence is necessary for PRRSV infection. MYH9 and CD163 are indispensable for PRRSV entry into a porcine alveolar macrophage. In the present study, human MYH9 (hMYH9) and mouse MYH9 (mMYH9), similar to swine MYH9, could also accelerate PRRSV infection in pCD163-mediated cell lines. Knockdown of MYH9 activity using the specific small interfering RNA or inhibitor (blebbistatin) concomitantly decreased PRRSV infection. C-terminal fragment of MYH9 (PRA) proteins from different mammalian species contains a conserved binding domain (aa1676-1791) for PRRSV binding, since the recombinant MYH91676−1791protein could inhibit the PRRSV infection significantly. Furthermore, the specific polyclonal antibody of MYH91676−1791 could block PRRSV infection in host cells. These data strongly supported that MYH9, a very important cofactor, participated in PRRSV entry into target cells, which may facilitate the development of a new therapeutic agent to control PRRSV infection.</p

Image_5_Identification of MYH9 Key Domain Involved in the Entry of PRRSV Into Permissive Cells.tif

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes huge losses economically to the pig industry worldwide. Previous research suggested that receptor dependence is necessary for PRRSV infection. MYH9 and CD163 are indispensable for PRRSV entry into a porcine alveolar macrophage. In the present study, human MYH9 (hMYH9) and mouse MYH9 (mMYH9), similar to swine MYH9, could also accelerate PRRSV infection in pCD163-mediated cell lines. Knockdown of MYH9 activity using the specific small interfering RNA or inhibitor (blebbistatin) concomitantly decreased PRRSV infection. C-terminal fragment of MYH9 (PRA) proteins from different mammalian species contains a conserved binding domain (aa1676-1791) for PRRSV binding, since the recombinant MYH91676−1791protein could inhibit the PRRSV infection significantly. Furthermore, the specific polyclonal antibody of MYH91676−1791 could block PRRSV infection in host cells. These data strongly supported that MYH9, a very important cofactor, participated in PRRSV entry into target cells, which may facilitate the development of a new therapeutic agent to control PRRSV infection.</p

Image_6_Identification of MYH9 Key Domain Involved in the Entry of PRRSV Into Permissive Cells.tif

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes huge losses economically to the pig industry worldwide. Previous research suggested that receptor dependence is necessary for PRRSV infection. MYH9 and CD163 are indispensable for PRRSV entry into a porcine alveolar macrophage. In the present study, human MYH9 (hMYH9) and mouse MYH9 (mMYH9), similar to swine MYH9, could also accelerate PRRSV infection in pCD163-mediated cell lines. Knockdown of MYH9 activity using the specific small interfering RNA or inhibitor (blebbistatin) concomitantly decreased PRRSV infection. C-terminal fragment of MYH9 (PRA) proteins from different mammalian species contains a conserved binding domain (aa1676-1791) for PRRSV binding, since the recombinant MYH91676−1791protein could inhibit the PRRSV infection significantly. Furthermore, the specific polyclonal antibody of MYH91676−1791 could block PRRSV infection in host cells. These data strongly supported that MYH9, a very important cofactor, participated in PRRSV entry into target cells, which may facilitate the development of a new therapeutic agent to control PRRSV infection.</p

Image_7_Identification of MYH9 Key Domain Involved in the Entry of PRRSV Into Permissive Cells.tif

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes huge losses economically to the pig industry worldwide. Previous research suggested that receptor dependence is necessary for PRRSV infection. MYH9 and CD163 are indispensable for PRRSV entry into a porcine alveolar macrophage. In the present study, human MYH9 (hMYH9) and mouse MYH9 (mMYH9), similar to swine MYH9, could also accelerate PRRSV infection in pCD163-mediated cell lines. Knockdown of MYH9 activity using the specific small interfering RNA or inhibitor (blebbistatin) concomitantly decreased PRRSV infection. C-terminal fragment of MYH9 (PRA) proteins from different mammalian species contains a conserved binding domain (aa1676-1791) for PRRSV binding, since the recombinant MYH91676−1791protein could inhibit the PRRSV infection significantly. Furthermore, the specific polyclonal antibody of MYH91676−1791 could block PRRSV infection in host cells. These data strongly supported that MYH9, a very important cofactor, participated in PRRSV entry into target cells, which may facilitate the development of a new therapeutic agent to control PRRSV infection.</p

Image_8_Identification of MYH9 Key Domain Involved in the Entry of PRRSV Into Permissive Cells.tif

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes huge losses economically to the pig industry worldwide. Previous research suggested that receptor dependence is necessary for PRRSV infection. MYH9 and CD163 are indispensable for PRRSV entry into a porcine alveolar macrophage. In the present study, human MYH9 (hMYH9) and mouse MYH9 (mMYH9), similar to swine MYH9, could also accelerate PRRSV infection in pCD163-mediated cell lines. Knockdown of MYH9 activity using the specific small interfering RNA or inhibitor (blebbistatin) concomitantly decreased PRRSV infection. C-terminal fragment of MYH9 (PRA) proteins from different mammalian species contains a conserved binding domain (aa1676-1791) for PRRSV binding, since the recombinant MYH91676−1791protein could inhibit the PRRSV infection significantly. Furthermore, the specific polyclonal antibody of MYH91676−1791 could block PRRSV infection in host cells. These data strongly supported that MYH9, a very important cofactor, participated in PRRSV entry into target cells, which may facilitate the development of a new therapeutic agent to control PRRSV infection.</p

Image_9_Identification of MYH9 Key Domain Involved in the Entry of PRRSV Into Permissive Cells.tif

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes huge losses economically to the pig industry worldwide. Previous research suggested that receptor dependence is necessary for PRRSV infection. MYH9 and CD163 are indispensable for PRRSV entry into a porcine alveolar macrophage. In the present study, human MYH9 (hMYH9) and mouse MYH9 (mMYH9), similar to swine MYH9, could also accelerate PRRSV infection in pCD163-mediated cell lines. Knockdown of MYH9 activity using the specific small interfering RNA or inhibitor (blebbistatin) concomitantly decreased PRRSV infection. C-terminal fragment of MYH9 (PRA) proteins from different mammalian species contains a conserved binding domain (aa1676-1791) for PRRSV binding, since the recombinant MYH91676−1791protein could inhibit the PRRSV infection significantly. Furthermore, the specific polyclonal antibody of MYH91676−1791 could block PRRSV infection in host cells. These data strongly supported that MYH9, a very important cofactor, participated in PRRSV entry into target cells, which may facilitate the development of a new therapeutic agent to control PRRSV infection.</p

Image_1_Identification of MYH9 Key Domain Involved in the Entry of PRRSV Into Permissive Cells.tif

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes huge losses economically to the pig industry worldwide. Previous research suggested that receptor dependence is necessary for PRRSV infection. MYH9 and CD163 are indispensable for PRRSV entry into a porcine alveolar macrophage. In the present study, human MYH9 (hMYH9) and mouse MYH9 (mMYH9), similar to swine MYH9, could also accelerate PRRSV infection in pCD163-mediated cell lines. Knockdown of MYH9 activity using the specific small interfering RNA or inhibitor (blebbistatin) concomitantly decreased PRRSV infection. C-terminal fragment of MYH9 (PRA) proteins from different mammalian species contains a conserved binding domain (aa1676-1791) for PRRSV binding, since the recombinant MYH91676−1791protein could inhibit the PRRSV infection significantly. Furthermore, the specific polyclonal antibody of MYH91676−1791 could block PRRSV infection in host cells. These data strongly supported that MYH9, a very important cofactor, participated in PRRSV entry into target cells, which may facilitate the development of a new therapeutic agent to control PRRSV infection.</p

Image_3_Identification of MYH9 Key Domain Involved in the Entry of PRRSV Into Permissive Cells.tif

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes huge losses economically to the pig industry worldwide. Previous research suggested that receptor dependence is necessary for PRRSV infection. MYH9 and CD163 are indispensable for PRRSV entry into a porcine alveolar macrophage. In the present study, human MYH9 (hMYH9) and mouse MYH9 (mMYH9), similar to swine MYH9, could also accelerate PRRSV infection in pCD163-mediated cell lines. Knockdown of MYH9 activity using the specific small interfering RNA or inhibitor (blebbistatin) concomitantly decreased PRRSV infection. C-terminal fragment of MYH9 (PRA) proteins from different mammalian species contains a conserved binding domain (aa1676-1791) for PRRSV binding, since the recombinant MYH91676−1791protein could inhibit the PRRSV infection significantly. Furthermore, the specific polyclonal antibody of MYH91676−1791 could block PRRSV infection in host cells. These data strongly supported that MYH9, a very important cofactor, participated in PRRSV entry into target cells, which may facilitate the development of a new therapeutic agent to control PRRSV infection.</p