De quelques catéchismes créoles anciens: oublis, pertes, disparitions, réapparitions, découvertes

Il existe, dans le très vaste domaine des études postcoloniales, des territoires contigus ou semblables qui connaissent des phénomènes communs mais aux histoires très différentes, sinon radicalement opposées : tels les catéchismes - en langues romanes - fruit de la colonisation. Plus précisément, à l’histoire des catéchismes issus de la colonisation hispano-américaine, s’oppose l’histoire des catéchismes issus de la colonisation française, de l’Amérique et d’ailleurs. Ces derniers arrivent un siècle et demi environ après les espagnols et se manifestent de tout autre manière ; différents en sont l’époque, la scène et les acteurs : les destinateurs mais surtout les destinataires. Ce travail se propose de retracer l’histoire souvent aventureuse des plus anciens catéchismes des colonies ou ex-colonies françaises de la Caraïbe et de l’Océan Indien ; écrits en créole ou, parfois, en d’autres langues autochtones, ils constituent aussi des témoignages linguistiques absolument précieux. Rédigés généralement sur place, mais non toujours publiés, leur histoire est faite d’oublis, pertes, disparitions, réapparitions et découvertes. - - - In the wide field of postcolonial studies, there exist related or similar areas whose stories are nevertheless very different, if not indeed opposed. This is the case of catechisms in Romance languages (or of Romance origin), outcomes of European colonization. In particular, contradictions between the history of catechisms from Hispanic-American colonization and the catechisms produced by French colonization, in America and elsewhere. The latter appear a century and a half after the Spanish texts, and exhibit completely distinct characteristics: different periods, settings, actors, and especially recipients. I set out to recount the often adventurous history of the oldest catechisms in the French colonies, or ex-colonies, of the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean. Written in Creole or sometimes other indigenous languages, they are precious linguistic records. Compiled in the colonies, but not always published, these texts are often forgotten, lost, misplaced, resurfaced, discovered

Recognising melancholy : processing mortality’s articulation in landscape art

Abstract : This dissertation is a study and interrogation of melancholy’s expression and reading through specific landscape artworks. Melancholy is an emotion which is attributed to a bittersweet emotional state which here identified as a reaction to a loss of objects and/or places – linked to the past through memory. This dissertation utilises and focusses on Robert Burton’s The Anatomy of Melancholy (2001) to define melancholy as a mood of varying intermixing of emotions: fear, sorrow, calumny, joy and hope. This dissertation identifies these five emotions as the principle emotional states attributed to explaining melancholy. This Burtonian melancholy is related to a non- pathological reading of self-mortality in landscape artworks through aesthetic and phenomenological readings of the landscape. Self-mortality is related to my concept called the mortal moment which is a point in time where a viewer (a subject who is viewing the landscape) recognises, in the unconscious, a truth of the future without them and containing self-mortality...M.Tech. (Fine Art

From the Classroom to the Tip of the Spear – Designing a System to Track USMA’s Intellectual Capital

As the world becomes increasingly interconnected and unstable, the US Army’s mission becomes more complex. This reality, when coupled with a smaller force, is increasing the Army’s reliance on foreign partners and its need for non-traditional skills. Given these challenges, deployed units often offset capability gaps using “reachback,” the act of contacting external organizations for critical expertise. Based on recent support to the 1st Infantry Division in Iraq, the United States Military Academy (USMA) possesses considerable reachback potential; however, to fulfill such requests, USMA must first understand its capability and capacity. With this in mind, our research shows that although USMA’s faculty is quite willing to help deployed units, no formalized process exists to catalogue and leverage its collective intellectual capital. As such, we identify the requirement for an intuitive system to fill this void, and we develop and analyze several alternative

Quantifying the relative roles of selective and neutral processes in defining eukaryotic microbial communities

We have a limited understanding of the relative contributions of different processes that regulate microbial communities, which are crucial components of both natural and agricultural ecosystems. The contributions of selective and neutral processes in defining community composition are often confounded in field studies because as one moves through space, environments also change. Managed ecosystems provide an excellent opportunity to control for this and evaluate the relative strength of these processes by minimising differences between comparable niches separated at different geographic scales. We use next-generation sequencing to characterize the variance in fungal communities inhabiting adjacent fruit, soil and bark in comparable vineyards across 1000 kms in New Zealand. By compartmentalizing community variation, we reveal that niche explains at least four times more community variance than geographic location. We go beyond merely demonstrating that different communities are found in both different niches and locations by quantifying the forces that define these patterns. Overall, selection unsurprisingly predominantly shapes these microbial communities, but we show the balance of neutral processes also have a significant role in defining community assemblage in eukaryotic microbes

Ευρετικές προσεγγίσεις του μοναδιάστατου προβλήματος πακετοποίησης

Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code), which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and non-pleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families, while 35 families still lack molecular data

Sulfur amino acid supplementation displays therapeutic potential in a C. elegans model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Mutations in the dystrophin gene cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a common muscle disease that manifests with muscle weakness, wasting, and degeneration. An emerging theme in DMD pathophysiology is an intramuscular deficit in the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Here we show that the C. elegans DMD model displays reduced levels of H2S and expression of genes required for sulfur metabolism. These reductions can be offset by increasing bioavailability of sulfur containing amino acids (L-methionine, L-homocysteine, L-cysteine, L-glutathione, and L-taurine), augmenting healthspan primarily via improved calcium regulation, mitochondrial structure and delayed muscle cell death. Additionally, we show distinct differences in preservation mechanisms between sulfur amino acid vs H2S administration, despite similarities in required health-preserving pathways. Our results suggest that the H2S deficit in DMD is likely caused by altered sulfur metabolism and that modulation of this pathway may improve DMD muscle health via multiple evolutionarily conserved mechanisms

Community-based complex interventions to sustain independence in older people, stratified by frailty: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

BackgroundSustaining independence is important for older people, but there is insufficient guidance about which community health and care services to implement.ObjectivesTo synthesise evidence of the effectiveness of community services to sustain independence for older people grouped according to their intervention components, and to examine if frailty moderates the effect.Review designSystematic review and network meta-analysis.Eligibility criteriaStudies: Randomised controlled trials or cluster-randomised controlled trials.Participants: Older people (mean age 65+) living at home.Interventions: community-based complex interventions for sustaining independence.Comparators: usual care, placebo or another complex intervention.Main outcomesLiving at home, instrumental activities of daily living, personal activities of daily living, care-home placement and service/economic outcomes at 1 year.Data sourcesWe searched MEDLINE (1946–), Embase (1947–), CINAHL (1972–), PsycINFO (1806–), CENTRAL and trial registries from inception to August 2021, without restrictions, and scanned reference lists.Review methodsInterventions were coded, summarised and grouped. Study populations were classified by frailty.A random-effects network meta-analysis was used. We assessed trial-result risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2), network meta-analysis inconsistency and certainty of evidence (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation for network meta-analysis).ResultsWe included 129 studies (74,946 participants). Nineteen intervention components, including ‘multifactorial-action’ (multidomain assessment and management/individualised care planning), were identified in 63 combinations.The following results were of low certainty unless otherwise stated.For living at home, compared to no intervention/placebo, evidence favoured:multifactorial-action and review with medication-review (odds ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 0.93 to 1.59; moderate certainty)multifactorial-action with medication-review (odds ratio 2.55, 95% confidence interval 0.61 to 10.60)cognitive training, medication-review, nutrition and exercise (odds ratio 1.93, 95% confidence interval 0.79 to 4.77) andactivities of daily living training, nutrition and exercise (odds ratio 1.79, 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 4.76).Four intervention combinations may reduce living at home.For instrumental activities of daily living, evidence favoured multifactorial-action and review with medication-review (standardised mean difference 0.11, 95% confidence interval 0.00 to 0.21; moderate certainty). Two interventions may reduce instrumental activities of daily living.For personal activities of daily living, evidence favoured exercise, multifactorial-action and review with medication-review and self-management (standardised mean difference 0.16, 95% confidence interval −0.51 to 0.82). For homecare recipients, evidence favoured the addition of multifactorial-action and review with medication-review (standardised mean difference 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.32 to 0.88).Care-home placement and service/economic findings were inconclusive.LimitationsHigh risk of bias in most results and imprecise estimates meant that most evidence was low or very low certainty. Few studies contributed to each comparison, impeding evaluation of inconsistency and frailty. Studies were diverse; findings may not apply to all contexts.ConclusionsFindings for the many intervention combinations evaluated were largely small and uncertain. However, the combinations most likely to sustain independence include multifactorial-action, medication-review and ongoing review of patients. Some combinations may reduce independence.Future workFurther research is required to explore mechanisms of action and interaction with context. Different methods for evidence synthesis may illuminate further.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42019162195.FundingThis award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR128862) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 28, No. 48. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information

The SOLAS air-sea gas exchange experiment (SAGE) 2004

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2010. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 58 (2011): 753-763, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.015.The SOLAS air-sea gas exchange experiment (SAGE) was a multiple-objective study investigating gas-transfer processes and the influence of iron fertilisation on biologically driven gas exchange in high-nitrate low-silicic acid low-chlorophyll (HNLSiLC) Sub-Antarctic waters characteristic of the expansive Subpolar Zone of the southern oceans. This paper provides a general introduction and summary of the main experimental findings. The release site was selected from a pre-voyage desktop study of environmental parameters to be in the south-west Bounty Trough (46.5°S 172.5°E) to the south-east of New Zealand and the experiment conducted between mid-March and mid-April 2004. In common with other mesoscale iron addition experiments (FeAX’s), SAGE was designed as a Lagrangian study quantifying key biological and physical drivers influencing the air-sea gas exchange processes of CO2, DMS and other biogenic gases associated with an iron-induced phytoplankton bloom. A dual tracer SF6/3He release enabled quantification of both the lateral evolution of a labelled volume (patch) of ocean and the air-sea tracer exchange at the 10’s of km’s scale, in conjunction with the iron fertilisation. Estimates from the dual-tracer experiment found a quadratic dependency of the gas exchange coefficient on windspeed that is widely applicable and describes air-sea gas exchange in strong wind regimes. Within the patch, local and micrometeorological gas exchange process studies (100 m scale) and physical variables such as near-surface turbulence, temperature microstructure at the interface, wave properties, and wind speed were quantified to further assist the development of gas exchange models for high-wind environments. There was a significant increase in the photosynthetic competence (Fv/Fm) of resident phytoplankton within the first day following iron addition, but in contrast to other FeAX’s, rates of net primary production and column-integrated chlorophyll a concentrations had only doubled relative to the unfertilised surrounding waters by the end of the experiment. After 15 days and four iron additions totalling 1.1 tonne Fe2+, this was a very modest response compared to the other mesoscale iron enrichment experiments. An investigation of the factors limiting bloom development considered co- limitation by light and other nutrients, the phytoplankton seed-stock and grazing regulation. Whilst incident light levels and the initial Si:N ratio were the lowest recorded in all FeAX’s to date, there was only a small seed-stock of diatoms (less than 1% of biomass) and the main response to iron addition was by the picophytoplankton. A high rate of dilution of the fertilised patch relative to phytoplankton growth rate, the greater than expected depth of the surface mixed layer and microzooplankton grazing were all considered as factors that prevented significant biomass accumulation. In line with the limited response, the enhanced biological draw-down of pCO2 was small and masked by a general increase in pCO2 due to mixing with higher pCO2 waters. The DMS precursor DMSP was kept in check through grazing activity and in contrast to most FeAX’s dissolved dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration declined through the experiment. SAGE is an important low-end member in the range of responses to iron addition in FeAX’s. In the context of iron fertilisation as a geoengineering tool for atmospheric CO2 removal, SAGE has clearly demonstrated that a significant proportion of the low iron ocean may not produce a phytoplankton bloom in response to iron addition.SAGE was jointly funded through the New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FRST) programs (C01X0204) "Drivers and Mitigation of Global Change" and (C01X0223) "Ocean Ecosystems: Their Contribution to NZ Marine Productivity." Funding was also provided for specific collaborations by the US National Science Foundation from grants OCE-0326814 (Ward), OCE-0327779 (Ho), and OCE 0327188 OCE-0326814 (Minnett) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council NER/B/S/2003/00282 (Archer). The New Zealand International Science and Technology (ISAT) linkages fund provided additional funding (Archer and Ziolkowski), and the many collaborator institutions also provided valuable support

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead