Abiotic impact on tick intensity.

<p>Mean tick intensity (grey bars) in each meteorologically distinct region (East and Northeast England, East Anglia, Southeast England and Central South, Northwest England and North Wales, South Wales and Southwest England, and Midlands) and corresponding 30 year average (1971–2000) summed mean rainfall (mm) (upper Y-axis), maximum (triangle) and minimum (cross) 30 year (1971–2000) average temperature (°C) for each region (lower Y-axis). Standard error marks for rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature correspond to variability in monthly averages.</p

Tick distributions across the UK.

<p>Distribution of <i>Ixodes hexagonus</i> infested (dark circles) and uninfested (clear circles) otters in England and Wales. Meteorologically distinct regions (East and Northeast England, East Anglia, Southeast England and Central South, Northwest England and North Wales, South Wales and Southwest England, and Midlands) defined by the Meteorological Office UK Climate Impacts Programme (data available online).</p

The North Atlantic Oscillation impacts tick counts on otters.

<p>Relationship of tick count to mean North Atlantic Oscillation at month of host death. Standard error bars shown.</p

Abiotic impact on tick prevalence.

<p>Probability plot for a model of the association between tick prevalence and the explanatory variables A) Central England Temperature for the 12 month period preceding host death, B) North Atlantic Oscillation for the 12 month period preceding death for each host age class: Dotted line  =  juvenile hosts; Solid line  =  Adult hosts; Dashed line  =  Sub-adult hosts.</p

Summary of <i>Ixodes hexagonus</i> on otters.

<p><i>Ixodes hexagonus</i> infestations of <i>Lutra lutra</i> in England and Wales between 2004 and 2009 (n = 820); showing prevalence, parasite count, mean intensity with upper and lower 95% bootstrap confidence interval (10000 iterations), and maximum intensity for each tick life stage.</p

Biotic impact on tick count.

<p>Relationship of tick intensity to host condition (K). Standard error bars shown.</p

Gonorrhoea endemic regions and outbreak clusters, England: 2012 & 2013.

<p>Brighton, London, Birmingham and Manchester were endemic for gonorrhoea by persistently arising in clusters every six months for two years. The London area is enlarged to the top right to better illustrate endemic areas and clusters. Circles denote 33 clusters across 21 aggregate regions (1,137 MSOAs). Numbers next to clusters correspond to region names listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0195178#pone.0195178.s006" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>. All outbreak clusters are interpreted as significant at <i>p</i><0.05. Age, gender, ethnicity, and IMD were included covariates.</p

Characteristics of endemic areas and clusters for gonorrhoea, England: 2012 and 2013.

<p>Characteristics of endemic areas and clusters for gonorrhoea, England: 2012 and 2013.</p

Quarterly gonorrhoea diagnosis rate with regions grouped by Local Authority (LA), England: 2013.

<p>Regions are compared to the English average (12.6/100,000 people) as higher, similar or lower. Similar regions were denoted as those within 20% above or below the English average (12.6–15.1 and 10.1–12.6/100,000 people, respectively).</p

Patients attending GUM clinics and diagnoses of gonorrhoea, England: 2012 to 2013.

<p>Patients attending GUM clinics and diagnoses of gonorrhoea, England: 2012 to 2013.</p