Why gender is relevant to materials science and engineering

AbstractFor historical reasons science today has substantially more evidence for males and men than for females and women, which means that quality of research and innovation outcomes may often be worse for women than for men. I explore how the gender dimension—a term used to mean effects of biological (sex) and/or socio-cultural (gender) characteristics—fits into new materials research and engineering and especially in nano-materials applications. Horizon Europe expects that grant proposals should include explanation if gender dimension is relevant to the project’s objectives. This paper shows that often the answer should be yes it is.</jats:p

Ciencia, energía y género en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible

This text analyzes the sustainable development goals estab- lished by the United Nations in 2015, which were agreed after an exhaustive discussion with all the countries of the world seeking sustainable development. The version worked on in the Gender Summit of that same year is used, which includes the gender di-mension. That science, use of energy and gender are crosscut-ting issues across the seventeen goals is stated here. However, this cross-cooperation is complicated because science, technol-ogy and the use of energy depend in turn on the gender per- spective. The problems raised are multidisciplinary. Some to-pics that should be investigated towards sustainable develop-ment are highlighted here; and important digital references are given for the ones interested in this topicSe analizan los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible establecidos por Naciones Unidas en 2015, que se pactaron después de una discusión exhaustiva con todos los países del mundo, en la búsqueda del desarrollo sustentable. Se utiliza la versión trabajada en la Cumbre de Género de ese mismo año, que incluye la dimensión de género. Se plantea aquí que la ciencia, el uso de la energía y el género son temas transversales a los objetivos. Sin embargo, esta transversalidad es complicada, porque tanto la ciencia como la tecnología y el uso de la energía dependen de la perspectiva de género. Se resaltan aquí algunos temas que deberán ser science, energy, gender, Sustainable Development Goals,sustainable development rumbo al desarrollo sustentable y se dan referencias digitales importantes para las personas interesadas en este tema

Expert knowledge, expert systems and commercial interests

Experience to date in building expert systems has brought a general realization of the complexity of the effort required for producing systems capable of operating on 'real-world' problems. The most successful knowledge-based/expert systems built to date, e.g. DENDRAL, MYCIN, PROSPECTOR and R1 have demonstrated that a considerable investment in time and dedication on the part of systems designers and experts is required to create a fully operational system. The great majority of development projects attempting to harness this new programming technology do not extend beyond creation of a prototype system largely due to lack of necessary resources, i.e. time, money and know-how. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the more important issues associated with development of expert systems and to provide an overview of the commercial and industrial efforts of putting expert systems to work. This paper should be of interest to those who have gained their knowledge of expert systems from the reading of non-specialist publications and thus may have been exposed to somewhat over enthusiastic accounts of the subject.