Problematika Permohonan Grasi Menurut Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2002

According to executor attorney opinion, no time limit for application clemency, it wills be performing deep constraint on dead punishment execution. Execution of dead punishment also constraint by rule that allows criminal to propose the second clemency application. This constraint still is added by condition that second clemency application is two years of first clemency rejection. Meanwhile according to criminal lawyer reception, with no rule upon, constitute a advantage by criminal dead, since it can propose clemency without time limit for first clemency application and also second application, so execution could be delayed. At Yogyakarta court since year 2002 until now there is no criminal propose clemencies. It is caused, firstly, certain verdict type that could be requested for clemency, secondary by apply clemency cause dead sentence is no postpone except for dead verdict, thirdly most criminal on narcotic and drug abuse case was pleased with first grade verdict

Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Organocopper(I) Reactions

Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Organocopper(I) Reaction

Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Organocopper(I) Reactions

Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Organocopper(I) Reaction

Iron-Catalyzed Directed C(sp²)–H and C(sp³)–H Functionalization with Trimethylaluminum

Conversion of a C­(sp²)–H or C­(sp³)–H bond to the corresponding C–Me bond can be achieved by using AlMe₃ or its air-stable diamine complex in the presence of catalytic amounts of an inorganic iron­(III) salt and a diphosphine along with 2,3-dichlorobutane as a stoichiometric oxidant. The reaction is applicable to a variety of amide substrates bearing a picolinoyl or 8-aminoquinolyl directing group, enabling methylation of a variety of (hetero)­aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl amides. The use of the mild aluminum reagent prevents undesired reduction of iron and allows the reaction to proceed with catalyst turnover numbers as high as 6500

Iron-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Chlorosulfonylation of Terminal Alkynes with Aromatic Sulfonyl Chlorides

Terminal alkynes react with aromatic sulfonyl chlorides in the presence of an iron(II) catalyst and a phosphine ligand to give (<i>E</i>)-β-chlorovinylsulfones with 100% regio- and stereoselectivity. Various functional groups, such as chloride, bromide, iodide, nitro, ketone, and aldehyde, are tolerated under the reaction conditions. Addition of tosyl chloride to a 1,6-enyne followed by radical 5-<i>exo</i>-<i>trig</i> cyclization gave an exocyclic alkenylsulfone

Synthesis of Tetradeca- and Pentadeca(organo)[60]fullerenes Containing Unique Photo- and Electroluminescent π‑Conjugated Systems

Dianions of deca­(phenyl)[60]­fullerene–bis­(cyclopentadienyl ruthenium) complex, (C₆₀Ph₁₀)­(RuCp)₂ (<b>1a</b>), and dimethylated deca­(phenyl)[60]­fullerene, C₆₀Ph₁₀Me₂ (<b>1b</b>), reacted with benzyl bromide to produce [C₆₀Ph₁₀(CH₂Ph₂)₂]­(RuCp)₂ (<b>3a</b> and <b>4a</b>) and tetradeca­(organo)[60]­fullerenes C₆₀Ph₁₀(CH₂Ph₂)₂Me₂ (<b>3b</b> and <b>4b</b>), respectively (Compounds <b>3</b> and <b>4</b> refer to <i>C</i>_2<i>v</i> and <i>C</i>₁ symmetric compounds, respectively.). Nucleophilic addition of benzylmagnesium chloride with the <i>C</i>₁ symmetric compounds <b>4a</b> and <b>4b</b> yielded [C₆₀Ph₁₀(CH₂Ph₂)₃H]­(RuCp)₂ (<b>5a</b>) and pentadeca­(organo)[60]­fullerenes C₆₀Ph₁₀(CH₂Ph₂)₃Me₂H (<b>5b</b>), respectively. Products were structurally characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis of diruthenium complexes <b>3a</b>, <b>4a</b>, and <b>5a</b>. These X-ray studies revealed that compounds <b>3</b>, <b>4</b>, and <b>5</b> have unique π-conjugated systems consisting of doubly bridged triphenylene dimer, triphenylene–benzoacenaphthylene, and triphenylene–biphenyl structures, respectively. Quantum mechanical calculations suggested that these π-conjugated systems are aromatic. Containing no metal atom, methylated derivatives <b>3b</b>, <b>4b</b>, and <b>5b</b> exhibited green, pale yellow, and turquoise blue emissions with quantum yields of 0.066, 0.12, and 0.24, respectively. The application of these materials in organic light-emitting diodes was demonstrated

Iron-Catalyzed C–H Activation for Heterocoupling and Copolymerization of Thiophenes with Enamines

C–H/C–H coupling via C–H activation provides straightforward synthetic access to the construction of complex π-conjugated organic molecules. The palladium-catalyzed Fujiwara–Moritani (FM) coupling between an arene and an electron-deficient olefin presents an early example but is not applicable to enamines such as N-vinylcarbazoles and N-vinylindoles. We report herein iron-catalyzed C–H/C–H heterocoupling between enamines and thiophenes and its application to copolymerization of bisenamine and bisthiophene using diethyl oxalate as an oxidant and AlMe3 as a base, as a result of our realization that synthetic limitations in oxidative C–H/C–H couplings imposed by the high redox potential of the Pd(II)/Pd(0) catalytic cycle can be circumvented by the use of iron, which has a lower Fe(III)/Fe(I) redox potential. The trisphosphine ligand provides a coordination environment for iron to achieve the reaction’s regio-, stereo-, and chemoselectivity. The reaction includes C–H activation of thiophene via σ-bond metathesis and subsequent enamine C–H cleavage triggered by nucleophilic enamine addition to the Fe(III) center, thereby differing from the FM reaction in mechanism and synthetic scope. The copolymers synthesized by the new reaction possess a new type of enamine-incorporated polymer backbone

Iron-Catalyzed <i>Ortho</i>-Allylation of Aromatic Carboxamides with Allyl Ethers

Arenes possessing an <i>N</i>-(quinolin-8-yl)­amide directing group are <i>ortho</i>-allylated with allyl phenyl ether in the presence of an iron/diphosphine catalyst and an organometallic base at 50–70 °C. The reaction proceeds via fast iron-catalyzed C–H activation, followed by reaction of the resulting iron intermediate with the allyl ether in γ-selective fashion

Iron-Catalyzed <i>Ortho</i> C–H Methylation of Aromatics Bearing a Simple Carbonyl Group with Methylaluminum and Tridentate Phosphine Ligand

Iron-catalyzed C–H functionalization of aromatics has attracted widespread attention from chemists in recent years, while the requirement of an elaborate directing group on the substrate has so far hampered the use of simple aromatic carbonyl compounds such as benzoic acid and ketones, much reducing its synthetic utility. We describe here a combination of a mildly reactive methylaluminum reagent and a new tridentate phosphine ligand for metal catalysis, 4-(bis­(2-(diphenyl­phosphanyl)­phenyl)­phosphanyl)-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethyl­aniline (Me₂N-TP), that allows us to convert an <i>ortho</i> C–H bond to a C–CH₃ bond in aromatics and heteroaromatics bearing simple carbonyl groups under mild oxidative conditions. The reaction is powerful enough to methylate all four <i>ortho</i> C–H bonds in benzophenone. The reaction tolerates a variety of functional groups, such as boronic ester, halide, sulfide, heterocycles, and enolizable ketones