Multivariable Multinomial Logistic Regression comparing clusters three (most sympathetic) and cluster one (most condemning) with cluster two as the reference category (weighted).

<p>Multivariable Multinomial Logistic Regression comparing clusters three (most sympathetic) and cluster one (most condemning) with cluster two as the reference category (weighted).</p

Psychosocial and health characteristics by clusters (multivariable, weighted data).

<p>Psychosocial and health characteristics by clusters (multivariable, weighted data).</p

Demographic characteristics by clusters (univariable, weighted data).

<p>Demographic characteristics by clusters (univariable, weighted data).</p

Logistic Regression Models showing univariate relationship with radicalisation outcome.

<p>Logistic Regression Models showing univariate relationship with radicalisation outcome.</p

Association of Depression category with cluster membership (fully adjusted model).

<p>Cluster 2 is reference.</p><p>Repeating the analysis after removing the suicide item from the PHQ9 measure of depression produces the same overall findings.</p><p>Association of Depression category with cluster membership (fully adjusted model).</p

Demographics of Focus Group 1.

<p>Age Range 22–56.</p

Spearman correlation coefficients between items of SyfoR (unweighted raw data).

<p>Bold font = significant to a p = or <0.01 level.</p

Demographic, psychosocial & health characteristics.

<p>Demographic, psychosocial & health characteristics.</p

Principal components analysis of the 16 items developed through focus groups to measure radicalisation <i>(orthogonal rotated solution presented)</i> (obs = 575. 58 parameters).

<p>*indicates reverse scored so sympathies are always consistently towards radicalisation.</p

The impact of trauma exposure and moral injury on UK military veterans: a qualitative study

Background: Exposure to a potentially morally injurious event (PMIE) has been found to be associated with a range of adverse mental health outcomes. However, how the psychological consequences following PMIEs compare to those encountered after a traumatic, but not a PMIE, remain poorly understood. Objective: The aim was to qualitatively explore UK military veterans’ responses to experiences of trauma and moral injury and the impact of such events on psychological wellbeing. Method: Thirty male veterans who reported exposure to traumatic and/or morally injurious events were recruited. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted, and data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Six veterans described exposure to a non-morally injurious traumatic event, 15 reported experiencing a PMIE, and 9 described exposure to a ‘mixed’ event which was simultaneously morally injurious and traumatic. Veterans who encountered a PMIE described experiencing moral dissonance, or a clash between concurrently held sets of values (e.g. military values versus civilian values), which provoked considerable psychological distress. Veterans’ cognitions and responses were found to differ following a PMIE compared to a traumatic, but not PMIE, which could have negative implications for daily functioning. Several risk and protective factors for experiencing distress following a PMIE were described. Conclusions: This study provides some of the first evidence that events experienced by UK veterans can simultaneously be morally injurious and traumatic or life-threatening as well as highlighting the process by which moral injury may occur in UK veterans. These findings illustrate the need to examine effective pathways for prevention and intervention for veterans who have experienced a morally injurious event.</p