The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

Observed global changes in sector-relevant climate extremes indices—an extension to HadEX3

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The gridded dataset are available at www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex3 and at www.climdex.org. In addition, a version is available on the CEDA archive (https://dx.doi.org/10.5285/2bfbdba03d9b423f99cadf404ca2daab). The underlying station indices will be made available on www.climdex.org where we are allowed to do so. For some collections we are not allowed to make the underlying station data public under terms of their licence.Please read abstract in the article.PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY : To be able to assess changes in extreme temperature and rainfall events across the globe, data sets which capture characteristics of these extreme events are required. The use of indices for these characteristics further enables both data sharing and the comparison of events across the world. Extreme events have impacts across human health, our infrastructure and the natural environment. So far there has not been a global product which presents indices which are relevant for different sectors of our society, including health, agriculture and water resources. In this work we present an extension to an existing data set of extremes indices, HadEX3, by including indices defined by the World Meteorological Organization which were developed with sector specific applications in mind. We have used the same approach and methodology, and where possible the same underlying daily temperature and rainfall observations. The temperature indices show changes consistent with global scale warming, with heat wave characteristics showing increases in the number, duration and intensity of these extreme events in most places. The data files are available for use by interested researchers in their work.The Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by DSIT and by the UK-China Research & Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) China under the International Science Partnerships Fund (ISPF); Australian Research Council Grant; the Horizon 2020 LANDMARC project; the RED-CLIMA (Red Española e Iberoamericana sobre Variabilidad Climática y Servicios Climáticos en Ecosistemas Terrestres y Marinos: RED-CLIMA) Project from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas LINCGLOBAL CSIC from Spain; National Institute of Science and Technology for Climate Change Phase 2; the National Coordination for Higher Education and Training (CAPES).https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/23335084hj2024Geography, Geoinformatics and MeteorologySDG-13:Climate actio

Integrated analysis of environmental and genetic influences on cord blood DNA methylation in new-borns

Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation (DNAm), are among the mechanisms allowing integration of genetic and environmental factors to shape cellular function. While many studies have investigated either environmental or genetic contributions to DNAm, few have assessed their integrated effects. Here we examine the relative contributions of prenatal environmental factors and genotype on DNA methylation in neonatal blood at variably methylated regions (VMRs) in 4 independent cohorts (overall n = 2365). We use Akaike’s information criterion to test which factors best explain variability of methylation in the cohort-specific VMRs: several prenatal environmental factors (E), genotypes in cis (G), or their additive (G + E) or interaction (GxE) effects. Genetic and environmental factors in combination best explain DNAm at the majority of VMRs. The CpGs best explained by either G, G + E or GxE are functionally distinct. The enrichment of genetic variants from GxE models in GWAS for complex disorders supports their importance for disease risk

Genomic Relationships, Novel Loci, and Pleiotropic Mechanisms across Eight Psychiatric Disorders

Genetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend diagnostic boundaries, suggesting substantial pleiotropy of contributing loci. However, the nature and mechanisms of these pleiotropic effects remain unclear. We performed analyses of 232,964 cases and 494,162 controls from genome-wide studies of anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome. Genetic correlation analyses revealed a meaningful structure within the eight disorders, identifying three groups of inter-related disorders. Meta-analysis across these eight disorders detected 109 loci associated with at least two psychiatric disorders, including 23 loci with pleiotropic effects on four or more disorders and 11 loci with antagonistic effects on multiple disorders. The pleiotropic loci are located within genes that show heightened expression in the brain throughout the lifespan, beginning prenatally in the second trimester, and play prominent roles in neurodevelopmental processes. These findings have important implications for psychiatric nosology, drug development, and risk prediction.National Institutes of HealthVoRSUNY DownstatePsychiatry and Behavioral SciencesInstitute for Genomics in HealthN/

Progress toward a holistic land and marine surface meteorological database and a call for additional contributions.

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Historical observational climate records are crucial in understanding climatic variability, extreme past weather and climate events and allowing us to make informed decisions for better societal adaptation to climate change. Historical observations are also a key component to derive reanalysis products and evaluate climate models.The management of both marine and land historical datasets has been highly fragmented, leading to diverse data holdings held by multiple institutions. Consequently, it is necessary to confront the challenges of: a plethora of distinct data formats; gross duplication of records with differing identifiers, names; and in many cases varying geo-location information. Within available land and marine data holdings there are greatly differing levels of completeness, data quality checks and data processing applied. There are further issues with limited data discovery metadata and sometimes a distinct lack of traceability to the underlying original data source. In light of these issues, we have produced The C3S Global Land and Marine Observations Database which is part of the Copernicus Climate Change Service, making climate data and information more easily accessible to support adaptation and mitigation policies of the European Union and the wider global community &amp;amp;#160;This talk outlines progress of the Global Land and Marine Observations Database service in securing data sources and introduces the data deposit component. We present details of land based data holdings inventoried, highlighting priority needs in terms of periods, regions and Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) where additional land based data could bring most benefit. These holdings are being iteratively merged and integrated to best meet user needs and are served to the user via the Copernicus Climate Data Store (CDS). Details of the current land based data release are also presented in this talk. The secure Data Deposit Service enables any data provider to share additional data and metadata with the service. We encourage all data owners to share their data with the C3S service via our Data Upload Server. All unique and relevant data acquired or submitted will be also archived at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information World Data Center for Meteorology, Asheville, North Carolina, USA and used in their data base curation efforts which are being jointly developed.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</jats:p

Observed Global Changes in Sector-Relevant Climate Extremes Indices—An Extension to HadEX3

Global gridded data sets of observed extremes indices underpin assessments of changes in climate extremes. However, similar efforts to enable the assessment of indices relevant to different sectors of society have been missing. Here we present a data set of sector-specific indices, based on daily station data, that extends the HadEX3 data set of climate extremes indices. These additional indices, which can be used singly or in combinations, have been recommended by the World Meteorological Organization and are intended to empower decision makers in different sectors with accurate historical information about how sector-relevant measures of the climate are changing, especially in regions where in situ daily temperature and rainfall data are hard to come by. The annual and/or monthly indices have been interpolated on to a 1.875° × 1.25° longitude-latitude grid for 1901–2018. We show changes in globally-averaged time series of these indices in comparison with reanalysis products. Changes in temperature-based indices are consistent with global scale warming, with days with Tmax &gt; 30°C (TXge30) increasing virtually everywhere with potential impacts on crop fertility. At the other end of the scale, the number of days with Tmin &lt; −2°C (TNltm2) are reducing, decreasing potential damage from frosts. Changes in heat wave characteristics show increases in the number, duration and intensity of these extreme events in most places. The gridded netCDF files and, where possible, the underlying station indices are available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex3 and https://www.climdex.org.</p

Genome-wide interaction study of a proxy for stress-sensitivity and its prediction of major depressive disorder

Individual response to stress is correlated with neuroticism and is an important predictor of both neuroticism and the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD). Identification of the genetics underpinning individual differences in response to negative events (stress-sensitivity) may improve our understanding of the molecular pathways involved, and its association with stress-related illnesses. We sought to generate a proxy for stress-sensitivity through modelling the interaction between SNP allele and MDD status on neuroticism score in order to identify genetic variants that contribute to the higher neuroticism seen in individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of depression compared to unaffected individuals. Meta-analysis of genome-wide interaction studies (GWIS) in UK Biobank (N = 23,092) and Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (N = 7,155) identified no genome-wide significance SNP interactions. However, gene-based tests identified a genome-wide significant gene, ZNF366, a negative regulator of glucocorticoid receptor function implicated in alcohol dependence (p = 1.48x10-7; Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold p < 2.79x10-6). Using summary statistics from the stress-sensitivity term of the GWIS, SNP heritability for stress-sensitivity was estimated at 5.0%. In models fitting polygenic risk scores of both MDD and neuroticism derived from independent GWAS, we show that polygenic risk scores derived from the UK Biobank stress-sensitivity GWIS significantly improved the prediction of MDD in Generation Scotland. This study may improve interpretation of larger genome-wide association studies of MDD and other stress-related illnesses, and the understanding of the etiological mechanisms underpinning stress-sensitivity