Estudio de voz sobre ip (VOLP) en redes umts

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar como se transmite VoIP (Voz sobre IP) sobre redes UMTS (Sistema universal de telecomunicaciones móviles). Explicaremos como funciona la tecnología VoIP, que es un servicio en tiempo real, y necesita de un QoS aceptable para su buen funcionamiento, mostraremos los problemas comunes al implementar VoIP y como evitarlos, además de los diferentes servicios que nos puede ofrecer, como por ejemplo: buzón de voz, llamadas en espera, control de acceso, etc. Luego analizaremos la implementación de VoIP en telefonía móvil (redes UMTS), la cual se lleva a cabo por medio de la arquitectura IMS (Subsistema Multimedia IP), que está encargada de todas las aplicaciones multimedia, que obligatoriamente necesitan transmitirse en tiempo real, como lo son: VoIP, teleconferencias, etc., veremos las ventajas principales de usar UMTS, como es el caso de su gran ancho de banda, movilidad y sobre todo con la implementación de IMS, nos ofrece un elevado QoS. Por último se realizarán pruebas para obtener los parámetros más importantes para una comunicación VoIP y así demostrar la buena calidad que tiene una comunicación VoIP al ser transmitida en un entorno 3G

Performance Related Hemodynamic Responses to Aerobic Exercise Across Different Stages of the Menstrual Cycle

The female menstrual cycle affects various physiological variables that may impact performance. The cyclical nature could lead to differences across the entire cycle and therefore it may be beneficial to recommend the timing of an individuals cycle in coherence with a performance event. PURPOSE: To examine the physiological changes, especially body water and hemodynamic measures that occur in females across their respective menstrual cycles in response to aerobic performance. METHODS: Eleven females (age = 21.2 ± 1.4 yrs) performed four sessions of aerobic activity at 75% of their calculated VO2 max as determined by the Bruce Protocol. The speed for each subject’s aerobic activity was then calculated using the ACSM metabolic running equation. The four sessions of aerobic activity were identical in format and performed on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 of each subject’s menstrual cycle. Sessions began with measurements of body weight, body fat, heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP). Extracellular fluid (ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF), and fat-free mass (FFM was also recorded via single-frequency and multiple-frequency bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) prior to aerobic activity. Subjects then completed 30 minutes of aerobic exercise at the calculated speed to yield an intensity of 75% VO2 max. Following the aerobic event, all measures taken pre-exercise, as well as RPE, were measured again at three separate time points post-exercise (post-0min, post-15min, and post-30min) while HR was monitored continuously. RESULTS: Day one systolic BP significantly correlated with day one ∆ECF at multiple time points (r = -0.619 to -0.680, p˂ 0.05). HR also had significant correlations on day one with ∆ECF and ∆ICF (r = -0.610, p˂ 0.05; r = 0.609, p˂ 0.05). Day 7 had significant correlations between BP (systolic and diastolic) and ICF (r = -0.610 to -0.672, p˂ 0.05) at multiple time points. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that hemodynamic variables had notable correlations throughout most performance-related measures and across the different days of the menstrual cycle. From Day 1 to 7 there is an observable shift in correlation from BP and ECF to BP and ICF. This apparent shift in fluid may be due to the physiological responses associated with progressing through one’s cycle from the menstrual to luteal phase in which a significant amount of body water is lost. These results demonstrate that there may be different responses to aerobic performance throughout the different phases of the menstrual cycle, but further investigation is required to make any kind of recommendations

Correlation between Anthropometric Measures, Blood Glucose, and Cholesterol Levels in College-Aged Hispanic Males

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between anthropometric measures, blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) among Hispanic college-aged males 18 to 30 in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. METHODS: Thirty-five male subjects (age= 23.2 ± 2.8) read and signed the informed consent prior to participation in this study. Subjects had their height, weight, and three circumference measurements taken [waist at umbilicus (WU), waist at smallest point (WSP), and hip at widest point (HWP)] and their body mass index (BMI) calculated. A fasting blood sample was taken to analyze TC, HDL, and FBG; in addition, TC:HDL ratio and non-HDL were calculated. Percent body fat (BF) was also measured using air displacement plethysmography. RESULTS: Age was found to be significantly correlated with weight (r= 0.491, p\u3c 0.01), BF (r= 0.575, p\u3c 0.01), BMI (r= 0.539, p\u3c 0.01), diastolic (DBP) (r= 0.427, p\u3c 0.01), WSP (r= 0.596, p\u3c 0.01), WU (r= 0.638, p\u3c 0.01), and HWP (r= 0.485, p\u3c 0.01), and non-HDL (r= 0.405, p\u3c 0.02). BF and BMI were significantly correlated with HDL (r= −0.370, p\u3c 0.03; r= −0.384, p\u3c 0.03) and correlated with TC:HDL ratio (r= 0.466, p\u3c 0.01; r= 0.441, p\u3c 0.01). WSP, WU, and HWP were significantly correlated with TC:HDL ratio (r= 0.429, p\u3c 0.01; r= 0.449, p\u3c 0.01; r= 0.372, p\u3c 0.03), while only the WU and HWP circumference measurements were significantly correlated with HDL cholesterol (r= −0.369, p\u3c 0.03; r= −0.428, p\u3c 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated age had notable correlations across most measures, even within this small 12-year range, which may be due to a decrease in physical activity throughout the college career. The data indicated higher BMI and BF were similarly correlated with lower HDL blood concentration and an increased TC:HDL ratio. This suggests that BMI is still a strong predictor of cholesterol level and can be relied upon when body composition analyzation is not available. Our results also indicated that location of the waist measurements is important and WU may be preferred site for determining negative risk factor regarding cholesterol in college-aged Hispanic males

The Acute Effects of Resistance Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction versus Traditional Resistance Exercise on Arterial Compliance and Energy Expenditure in Recreationally Active Males and Females

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of various intensities of volume matched resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) and traditional resistance exercise on hemodynamic variables, arterial compliance, oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and energy expenditure (EE) during exercise and after exercise. RESULTS: Significant condition main effects (p \u3c 0.05) were found for RPE, HR, crPWV, fdPWV, LAE, SAE, TVI, RER during and postexercise. BFR25 cause greater increases in RPE and HR. BFR50 caused marked increases in SAE, crPWV, and fdPWV. CONCLUSION: All BFR and traditional exercise conditions found no significant differences in EE, VCO2, and VO2. The lack of differences is likely due to time of protocol. Further protocols should implement greater time of exercise, as BFR had increased hemodynamic responses later in the exercise protocol, and could transpose to greater EE as measured by indirect calorimetry

Differences in Neuromuscular Adaptations After Two Weeks of Conventional vs Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to determine the neuromuscular changes in the rectus femoris (RF) muscle as measured by electromyography (EMG) following short-term resistance training with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). METHODS: 12 males (age = 27.4 ± 6.3 years; height = 171 ± 7 cm; weight = 79.8 ± 13.2 kg) performed six sessions of lower body unilateral resistance training using a leg extension machine. The leg on which BFR was applied was determined through randomization leg dominance Each training session consisted of unilateral knee extensions with and without blood flow restriction. Electromyography data was recorded for each participant during two isometric maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) and two isokinetic knee extension tests (180°/s and 60°/s) using a Biodex System 4 Pro™. EMG was recorded from the RF during these tests. Resistance training consisted of six non-consecutive sessions of knee extension exercises performed in a time frame of two weeks. For the BFR group, subjects trained for a total of four sets (30, 15, 15, 15) at an intensity of 20% 1RM. The contralateral limb was trained with two sets of 11 repetitions at an intensity of 70% 1RM without BFR. The volume of exercises was similar for both conditions. RESULTS: No condition*time interactions or condition and time main effects were observed for root mean square (RMS), mean RMS, yMax, and median frequency (MDF) in both MVC and isokinetic 180°/s and 60°/s (p\u3e0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both training conditions resulted in insignificant changes and there was no significant difference found between time points. It could be concluded that this was not enough time or stimulus to note major differences across modalities in relation to neuromuscular adaptations of the RF as measured by EMG. Further studies should investigate the effects of higher volume load on neuromuscular adaptations

The transcription factor Zeb2 regulates development of conventional and plasmacytoid DCs by repressing Id2

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs [pDCs]) develop from pre-pDCs, whereas two lineages of conventional DCs (cDCs; cDC1s and cDC2s) develop from lineage-committed pre-cDCs. Several transcription factors (TFs) have been implicated in regulating the development of pDCs (E2-2 and Id2) and cDC1s (Irf8, Id2, and Batf3); however, those required for the early commitment of pre-cDCs toward the cDC2 lineage are unknown. Here, we identify the TF zinc finger E box-binding homeobox 2 (Zeb2) to play a crucial role in regulating DC development. Zeb2 was expressed from the pre-pDC and pre-cDC stage onward and highly expressed in mature pDCs and cDC2s. Mice conditionally lacking Zeb2 in CD11c(+) cells had a cell-intrinsic reduction in pDCs and cDC2s, coupled with an increase in cDC1s. Conversely, mice in which CD11c(+) cells overexpressed Zeb2 displayed a reduction in cDC1s. This was accompanied by altered expression of Id2, which was up-regulated in cDC2s and pDCs from conditional knock-out mice. Zeb2 chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed Id2 to be a direct target of Zeb2. Thus, we conclude that Zeb2 regulates commitment to both the cDC2 and pDC lineages through repression of Id2

Entornos virtuales para el desarrollo de competencias matemáticas en estudiantes de instituciones educativas públicas de Chincheros, 2023

La educación a distancia alcanzó un destacable avance en referencia con el uso de la (TIC), constituyendo en la actualidad un requisito contar con la tecnología para el desempeño profesional de directivos, docentes sin embargo; el avance no acompañó al sistema de formación de docentes para ofrecer servicio de E-A; ya que el 75 % de estudiantes de las zonas rurales se encuentran en inicio, un 20% en proceso y un 5% alcanzó a un nivel de logro satisfactorio según las evaluaciones de la ECE 2022. Así mismo, se identificó dificultades en el manejo de las TIC para resolver problemas matemáticos en alumnos y docentes, de zonas rurales de la provincia de Chincheros Apurímac. Razón por lo cual, se planteó en la presente investigación averiguar cómo se desarrolla el aprendizaje de la Matemática en estudiantes de educación primaria mediante entornos virtuales. El estudio de investigación se utilizó el enfoque cualitativo a través del diseño investigación acción, que buscó brindar alternativas de solución a la problemática identificada desde un enfoque crítico reflexivo. Por otra parte, la muestra estuvo conformado por 6 docentes de nivel primaria. Así mismo para el recojo de información se utilizó la guía de entrevista, cuaderno de campo y la entrevista participativa. El estudio de investigación implementó propuesta de solución basado en un plan de acción planteado en 10 sesiones de aprendizaje con el uso de herramientas virtuales, estrategias heurísticas, procesos de resolución de problemas y planificación de sesiones de aprendizaje. Las conclusiones de la presente investigación evidenciaron que el uso de las herramientas virtuales durante el proceso de resolución de problemas favorece el desarrollo de la competencia matemática; ya que el estudiante logra un aprendizaje significativo. Por ende, el estudio de investigación es altamente relevante porque esta investigación contribuyó a explicar la realidad del aprendizaje de las matemáticas a través de un enfoque critico reflexivo

Spatial characteristics and temporal evolution of chemical and biological freshwater status as baseline assessment on the tropical island San Cristóbal (Galapagos, Ecuador)

The fragility of geographically isolated islands stresses the necessity of evaluating the current situation, identifying temporal trends and suggesting appropriate conservation measures. To support this, we assessed the freshwater quality of three stream basins on San Cristóbal (Galapagos) for two consecutive years. Abiotic conditions generally complied with existing guidelines, except for the pH in the Cerro Gato basin (0.12 mg P L−1). Macroinvertebrate communities were characterized by low family richness (3–11) and were dominated by Atyidae or Chironomidae, thereby causing low diversity (0.33–1.65). Spatial analysis via principal component analysis (PCA) illustrated that abiotic differences between stream basins were mostly related to turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity. Biotic differences were less clear due to masking by anthropogenic disturbances and dispersal limitations, yet indicated a negative effect of reduced pH and DO on Atyidae presence. In 2017, significantly narrower ranges were found for turbidity, temperature, pH, and diversity (p < 0.01), suggesting a decrease in habitat variability and a need for conservation measures, including mitigating measures related to dam construction for water extraction. As such, further follow-up is highly recommended for the sustainable development and environmental protection of this unique archipelago

Participación ciudadana para el desarrollo social en la gestión municipal

The research focused on the participation of citizens who promote significant transparency in the action of the authorities, demonstrating the commitment of the population and fostering a dialogue that seeks to bring the municipal government closer to civil society. The aim of the study was to analyse how citizen participation in municipal government is developed through a systematic review following the declarative requirements of PRISMA 2020. A systematic review of indexed articles from 2019 to 2024 was carried out, in the following repositories: Scopus, SciElo, Latindex, Redalyc and ProQuest, using the descriptors: "municipal management" "citizen development" "citizen participation" "local government" and "democratic participation", selecting 26 original articles of a quantitative nature that revealed a low level of citizen participation, attributed in part to lack of knowledge,&nbsp; distrust in authority and lack of interest due to poor municipal management. The findings highlight the lack of will of the authority in power to strengthen the relationship with the citizenry. In the cases where there was greater participation, access to information through social networks was observed in the interaction. The municipalities submitted to the study are very committed to some initiatives to strengthen and empower citizens that have had a favorable influence on the performance of local management.La investigación se centró en la participación de los ciudadanos que promueven una transparencia significativa en la acción de las autoridades, demostrando el compromiso de la población y fomentando un diálogo que busca acercar al gobierno municipal con la sociedad civil. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar cómo se desarrolla la participación de la ciudadanía en el gobierno municipal mediante una revisión sistemática siguiendo exigencias declarativas de PRISMA 2020. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos indexadas desde 2019 hasta 2024, en los siguientes repositorios: Scopus, SciElo, Latindex, Redalyc y ProQuest, utilizando los descriptores: “gestión municipal” “desarrollo ciudadano” “participación ciudadana” “gobierno local” y “participación democrática”, seleccionando 26 artículos originales de naturaleza cuantitativa que revelaron un bajo nivel de participación ciudadana, atribuido en parte al desconocimiento, la desconfianza en la autoridad y la falta de interés debido a una gestión municipal deficiente. En los hallazgos se destaca la falta de voluntad de la autoridad de turno para fortalecer la relación con la ciudadanía. En los casos donde hubo mayor participación, se observó un acceso a información a través de redes sociales en la interacción. Las municipalidades sometidas al estudio están muy comprometidas con algunas iniciativas de fortalecimiento y empoderamiento ciudadano que influyeron de forma favorable en el desempeño de la gestión local

Atención de estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales NEE en el nivel de primaria

The research study focused on examining attitudes towards educational inclusion in teachers of educational institutions in the district of Vinchos, Ayacucho, for which an 18-question interview guide was used. The qualitative approach and a phenomenological design were used for the study. Interview guides were developed and applied to teachers working in the Vinchos district. The analysis of the information collected involved narrative techniques that were coded, categorized, and theorized based on the participants' responses. To address these issues, we expanded through a comprehensive analysis of the literature, including scientific articles, books and current mainstream magazines that discuss this issue and exemplify advances in the implementation of inclusive educational models. The findings of this study indicate that, in addition to established policies, educational institutions thus the study suggests that teachers expressed the need for specific strategies to facilitate the integration into the classroom of children with special educational needs. Furthermore, they stressed the importance of teacher training in this process. This path is necessary to affirm that we live in truly inclusive and equitable societies. On the other hand, the conclusions indicate that teachers perceive challenges in curricular management and pedagogical practice to serve students with SEN, due to the lack of adequate didactic, physical and material conditions.El estudio de investigación se centró en examinar las actitudes respecto a la inclusión educativa en los docentes de las instituciones educativas del distrito de Vinchos, Ayacucho para lo cual, se utilizó una guía de entrevista de 18 preguntas. Para el estudio se empleó el enfoque cualitativo y un diseño fenomenológico. Se elaboraron guías de entrevista que se aplicaron a los profesores que trabajan en el distrito de Vinchos. El análisis de la información recopilada implicó técnicas narrativas que fueron codificadas, categorizadas y teorizadas basadas en las respuestas de los participantes. Para abordar estos temas se ampliaron a través de un análisis exhaustivo de la literatura, incluyendo artículos científicos, libros y revistas actuales de la corriente principal que discuten este asunto y ejemplifican los avances en la implementación de modelos educativos inclusivos. Los hallazgos de este estudio indican que, además de las políticas establecidas, las instituciones educativas así el estudio sugieren que los profesores expresaron la necesidad de estrategias específicas para facilitar la integración en el aula de los niños con necesidades educativas especiales. Además, subrayaron la importancia de la formación docente en este proceso. Este camino es necesario para afirmar que vivimos en sociedades verdaderamente inclusivas y equitativas. Por otra parte, las conclusiones indican que los docentes perciben desafíos en la gestión curricular y la práctica pedagógica para atender a estudiantes con NEE, debido a la falta de condiciones didácticas, físicas y materiales adecuadas