Northwest Russian Forest Sector in a Nutshell

Myös verkkojulkaisuna ISBN 978-951-40-2342-2 (PDF

Bioeconomy perception by future stakeholders: Hearing from European forestry students

This article provides useful information for universities offering forestry programs and facing the growing demand for bioeconomy education. An explorative survey on bioeconomy perception among 1400 students enrolled in 29 universities across nine European countries offering forestry programs was performed. The data have been elaborated via descriptive statistics and cluster analysis. Around 70% of respondents have heard about the bioeconomy, mainly through university courses. Students perceive forestry as the most important sector for bioeconomy; however, the extent of perceived importance of forestry varies between countries, most significantly across groups of countries along a North–South European axis. Although differences across bachelor and master programs are less pronounced, they shed light on how bioeconomy is addressed by university programs and the level of student satisfaction with this. These differences and particularities are relevant for potential development routes towards comprehensive bioeconomy curricula at European forestry universities with a forestry focus.Peer reviewe

Public perceptions of using forests to fuel the European bioeconomy: Findings from eight university cities

The political project on bioeconomy strives to address multiple societal aspirations, namely combine economic growth with environmental sustainability in some socially acceptable manner. The contradictions between the goals and the concrete plans to increase production, processing, and consumption of forest biomass in Europe have however raised sustainability concerns within and beyond its borders. While political actors articulate such contradictions differently and compete for traction for their viewpoints in the public discourse, little is known about how citizens of urban areas perceive this discourse. Conceptualising perception as a multidimensional construct, data from eight European university cities (Bordeaux, Bratislava, Freiburg, Helsinki, Padua, St. Petersburg, Uppsala, Vienna) are statistically analysed to explore its dimensions, the communities of like-minded citizens forming across those dimensions, and the traits associating with membership in each such community. Five communities across six dimensions from biocentrism through distributional aspects to adherence to political goals are identified: adherent-environmentalist, adherent-governmentalist, critical-reformist, critical-agriculturalist, and indifferent. City of residence and perceived familiarity with bioeconomy clearly interact with perception. There is however considerable variation in communities within and across the eight cities, suggesting deeper social tension beyond the public discourse. Much of the within-community variation remains unexplained, though, calling for more work locally. Implications for forest policy are derived.Peer reviewe

СУЧАСНІ АНТИФРИКЦІЙНІ МАТАРІАЛИ

Purpous. The results of studies of  the characteristics of modern anti-friction materials. Methodology/approach. The results obtained by analysis of publications in the technical literature. Finding.  The characteristics of the modern anti-friction materials with special tribological properties, including anti-friction materials based on tin, lead, copper-based, aluminum-based, zinc-based, iron-based, nickel-based and cobaltbased refractory metals and compounds as well as anti-friction nanomaterials, intended for the manufacture of machinery parts, working in conditions of friction and wear. Research limitations/implications. Show the application of anti-friction materials, depending on the conditions ekspluatatsii. Originaliti/volue. New wearresistant materials should be more widely арplication.       Наведені характеристики сучасних антифрикційних матеріалів, які були отримані, досліджені і останнім часом застосовуються для виготовлення деталей, що працюють в умовах тертя та зношування.     

Case Report, Justification of Approach, and Review of the Literature

Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc., publisher of The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry and The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, must retain exclusive and unfettered copyright of published materials either in print or electronic formats in perpetuity. If, after peer review, you are invited by the editor to revise your manuscript, any author or coauthor affiliated with an institution that requires open access to published manuscripts must submit (1) a copy of the institution's policy and (2) an acknowledgment from the institution that it has received an opt-out, waiver, or other official document signed by the author and the authorized designate from the institution. The opt-out, waiver, or other official document must represent the express direction of the author that the institution relinquishes any and all explicit or implicit rights of the institution to publish or house the manuscript in any form. The publisher's copyright protection lasts the life of the author plus an additional seventy (70) years.: One author or more is affiliated with an institution that carries an open access policy. List all authors and their respective institutions with an open access policy: Edward MeloniPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disease with limited available treatment options and for which novel effective interventions constitute a significant unmet need. This case report describes successful treatment of a patient with panic disorder and PTSD stemming from the 2010 Moscow subway terrorist attacks through the combination of script-driven trauma memory reactivation and inhalation of a xenon-based gas mixture. Xenon is a competitive inhibitor of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors known to play a role in memory reconsolidation, a learning and memory process wherein memories temporarily enter a labile state after reactivation and may be modified. Literature describing current pharmacologic and exposure-based treatments is reviewed and provides the basis for use of this novel treatment strategy to target and modify emotional memories.Accepted Manuscrip

Tree mortality in a mixed deciduous forest in Northwestern Russia over 22 years

• We studied mortality rates of birch, small-leaved linden, pedunculate oak, Norway maple, black alder, common ash and Norway spruce, assessed through two inventories of 12 664 trees in the unmanaged mixed deciduous forests of Oranienbaum Park, northwestern Russia, in 1981 and 2003. • Our objectives were to evaluate if (a) long-term mortality rates vary among species, and if (b) crown condition, age and tree size affect the probability of mortality. • Over this period, tree mortality rates in the park varied annually from 1 to 3% for healthy and moderately healthy trees, and from 3.9 to 9.3% for declining trees. The lowest mortality rates were observed for small-leaved linden and oak (0.8 and 1.0%, respectively), and the highest rate for birch (2.7%). We found (1) a significant and consistent association between tree condition and the probability of mortality, and (2) significantly higher mortality rates in smaller trees of ash, maple and oak. • The effect of species-specific biology on mortality rates in the Oranienbaum Park was largely overridden by the “health status” and environmental conditions of the trees (e.g. degree of crown shading). The observed rates were similar to the estimates from natural temperate deciduous forests in both Europe and North America, indicating similar intensity of mortality in these ecosystems under natural conditions.Mortalité des arbres dans une forêt feuillue mixte du nord-ouest de la Russie pendant 22 ans. • Nous avons étudié les taux de mortalité du bouleau, du tilleul à petites feuilles, du chêne pédonculé, de l'érable plane, de l'aulne, du frêne commun, et de l'épicéa par le biais de deux inventaires concernant 12 664 arbres, en 1981 et 2003, dans les forêts mixtes non gérées de l'Oranienbaum Park, dans le nord-ouest de la Russie. • Nos objectifs étaient d'évaluer si (a) à long terme les taux de mortalité varient selon les espèces, et si (b) l'état du houppier, l'âge et la taille des arbres affectent la probabilité de mortalité. • Au cours de cette période, les taux de mortalité des arbres dans le parc ont varié annuellement de 1 à 3 % pour les arbres sains et modérément sains, et de 3,9 à 9,3 % pour les arbres dépérissants. Les taux de mortalité les plus bas ont été observés pour le tilleul à petites feuilles et le chêne (respectivement 0,8 et 1,0 %) et le taux le plus élevé pour le bouleau (2,7 %). Nous avons trouvé (1) une importante et constante association entre la condition de l'arbre et la probabilité de mortalité, et (2) les taux de mortalité significativement les plus élevés chez les plus petits arbres chez le frêne, l'érable et le chêne. • Les effets biologiques de l'espèce sur les taux de mortalité ont été en grande partie annulés par l'état de santé des arbres et les conditions environnementales (par exemple le degré d'ombrage de la couronne). Les taux observés étaient similaires aux estimations obtenues pour les forêts naturelles tempérées en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, indiquant une intensité similaire de mortalité dans ces écosystèmes en conditions naturelles

Особливості зварювання сталей

It is known that when making structures with the use of welding, some steel are welded well, and some are bad. Weldability of more durable steels is worse. In order to solve the problem in this work, the analysis of the weldability of various steels by methods of fusion welding. For this, on the basis of weldability and other characteristics of steel are divided into groups: low carbon, medium carbon, high carbon, low doped, medium doped and high doped. Each of these groups has its own specifics.For this, on the basis of weldability and other characteristics of steel are divided into groups: low carbon, medium carbon, high carbon, low doped, medium doped and high doped.It is shown that the low-carbon steel has the best degree of weldability, in the zone of thermal influence of which the structure of quenching is not formed - martensite. It is known that this structure is the reason for the creation of internal stresses and cold cracks, which worsens the welds of steels. The welds also worsen the chemical elements contained in the alloy steels. Therefore, for good welding, even for low-alloy steels, an upper limit is set to 0.22% carbon, and for low doped 0.25 ... 0.3% carbon.When welding occurs. complex processes that result in the construction of internal stresses and related distortions, the creation of cracks, the exact dimensions of products are not reached, etc.Disadvantages of welding are also increased corrosion, reduced strength and the endurance of welded structures. It is shown that the weldability of various steels is mainly due to the carbon content and alloying elements, as well as the structure formed during the welding process in the welded metal and the thermal impact zone. Low-carbon and low-carbon low-alloy steels are characterized by better weldability. Welding of medium carbon low-alloy steels should be performed in such a way as to reduce the carbon content of the metal seam achieved by the use of electrode wire or low carbon electrodes and a decrease in the proportion of the base metal in the metal seam, The weldability of high-alloy steels are considered, which mainly depends on the structure of the welded metal (ferrite, austenitic, etc.). The article also describes methods for preventing the formation of defects in the welding of various groups of steels.Відомо, що при виготовленні конструкцій із застосуванням зварювання одні сталі  зварюються добре, а деякі погано. Гірше зварюються, як правило, більш міцні сталі. Для вирішення цієї проблеми в роботі зроблено аналіз зварності різних сталей за способами зварювання плавленням. Для цього за ознакою зварності  та інших характеристик сталі поділено на групи: низьковуглецеві, середньовуглецеві, високовуглецеві а також  низьковуглецеві низьколеговані, середньолеговані і високолеговані. Кожна з цих груп має свою специфіку зварності. При зварюванні відбуваються складні процеси, які приводять до виникнення в конструкції внутрішніх  напружень і пов’язаних з ними викривлень, створенню тріщин, не досягаються точні розміри виробів тощо. Недоліками зварювання є також підвищення корозії, зниження міцності і межі витривалості зварних конструкцій. Показано, що зварювання різних сталей пов’язано, в основному, з вмістом вуглецю і легуючих елементів, а також структурою, яка утворюється в процесі зварювання в наплавленому металі і зоні термічного впливу. Показано, що кращою зварністю володіють низьковуглецеві сталі, в зоні термічного впливу яких не утворюється структура гартування – мартенсит. Відомо, що ця структура є причиною створення внутрішніх напружень і холодних тріщин, внаслідок чого погіршується зварність сталей. Погіршують зварність також хімічні елементи, що містяться в легованих сталях. Тому для гарного зварювання навіть для низьколегованих сталей верхньою межею встановлена припустима кількість вуглецю 0,22%, а для вуглецевих – 0,25…0,3%. . Порівняно з низьковуглецевими низьколеговані сталі більш чутливі до нагрівання.. Зварювання середньовуглецевих низьколегованих  сталей слід виконувати таким чином, щоб знизити вміст вуглецю в металі шва, що досягається застосуванням електродного дроту або електродів з низьким вмістом вуглецю і зменшенням частки основного металу в металі шва. Високовуглецеві сталі (вміст вуглецю більш ніж 0,5%) належать до погано зварюваних сталей, тому для виготовлення зварних конструкцій їх не застосовують. Розглянуто зварність високолегованих сталей, яка, в основному залежить від структури металу, що зварюється (феритної, аустенітної та інших). В статті описано також способи запобігання утворенню дефектів при зварюванні різних груп сталей