PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PERTANAHAN ANTAR MASYARAKAT DESA OLEH KEPALA DESA DITINJAU DARI TEORI KEADILAN (Studi di Desa Donowarih dan Desa Landungsari)

The object of this research is the role of village heads in resolving land disputes between village communities in terms of the theory of justice. The purpose of this study is to know the implementation of the village head's obligations in resolving disputes between village communities, especially in the land sector and to analyze the types of land disputes in the village that can be resolved by the village head. The method used in this legal research is the sociological juridical method, by taking the research location in Malang Regency which is precisely in Donowarih Village, Karangploso District and in Landungsari Village, Dau District. The data in this study were obtained from the results of interviews and literature studies as material for analysis. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study indicate: First: Land disputes that can be resolved by the head is based on the Decree of the Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 34 of 2007 about the Technical Guidelines for Handling and Resolving the Problems of Typology Land that have occurred in Landungsari and Donowarih Villages namely Land mastery and land Ownership, Limits or Land Plots. Second: The obligation of the village head to resolve disputes between village communities, especially in the land sector, is carried out through alternative mediation dispute resolution, through several stages of deliberation, then if the parties are dissatisfied with the meditation result then they can submit other legal efforts through litigation channels, and in practice the settlement of disputes between villagers by the village head, especially in the land sector, has not fully brought justice to the community. Third: There are several problems in the implementation of land dispute resolution between village communities by the village head due to the lack of professionalism of the village head as a mediato

Favored codons identified using the comparison method are often incorrect.

<p>We present examples of the frequency distributions of all Alanine codons in ribosomal and non-ribosomal genes, in four randomly selected bacterial genomes in which there is a disagreement regarding the codon identified as favored between our study (which used the correlation method) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0049060#pone.0049060-Hershberg3" target="_blank">[12]</a> and the study of Wang <i>et al.</i> (which used the comparison method) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0049060#pone.0049060-Wang1" target="_blank">[13]</a>. Alanine is a four-fold degenerate codon family, meaning the first two bases of the codon always remain the same. The data presented in this figure therefore focuses on the 3^rd codon position, which in the case of Alanine can be either A, or T, or G, or C. The results demonstrate that codons identified using the comparison method (as identified by Wang <i>et al.</i>), are always so rare, and that their enrichment in ribosomal genes is so un-substantial that it does not appear likely that they are in fact favored.</p

The “going with the flow” trend.

<p>In GC-rich genomes 3^rd codon positions are even more GC-rich than intergenic regions, and in AT-rich genomes the opposite trend can be observed. This “going with the flow” trend reflects the tendency of genomes in which background substitution biases are towards GC to use GC-rich favored codons, and the opposite tendency of genomes in which background substitution biases are towards AT to use AT-rich favored codons. The trend becomes stronger as levels of codon bias of genes increase (with reduced Nc′). Even though ribosomal genes on average have Nc′ values of 46+/−4, their trend is somewhat weaker than that of other genes with similar levels of codon bias. The trend for ribosomal genes is also slightly weaker than that of all other genes as a whole. To create these trend lines, bacterial genomes were binned in increments of 10% by their intergenic GC contents. Each point on the X-axis reflects the average intergenic GC content within the given bin. (A) GC content is calculated for the 3^rd codon positions of all codons. (B) GC content is calculated only for the 3^rd codon positions of codons encoding Alanine.</p

A shifting optimum under different environmental conditions.

<p>The wild-type genotype has high fitness in the absence of the drug, but the presence of the drug shifts the optimum to the left, and the wild-type fitness declines. Mutants A and B are both more fit in the presence of the low drug concentration, but when combined, the AB double mutant overshoots the fitness optimum to have lower fitness even than the wild type. Increasing the drug concentration shifts the optimum further to the left, and now the double mutant has high fitness.</p

Top panel: base composition of ±10bp flanking singleton indel positions.

<p>X-axis–the ±1-10th base from indel position, 5’->3’ oriented. Y-axis–composition of A,C,G,T bases at that position across all indel flanking regions. Bottom panel: % of indels flanked by single base simple tandem repeats (STRs). X-axis–the length of monomer STR. Y-axis–the % of indels flanked by a monomer STR at least that long.</p

%Pn, Ts/Tv and GCeqm trends across SNP frequency.

<p>%Pn and Ts/Tv values show small shifts towards MA/neutral expectations in the lowest SNP frequencies (highlighted in box). X-axis–SNP frequency. Y-axis–%Pn, Ts/Tv, GCeqm.</p

Neighbor dependent mutation rates in MA data, young singletons, and old singletons.

<p>X-axis–The 32 neighbor environments sorted. Y-axis–The relative rates in each environment.</p

% of indels within coding sequences by age.

<p>X-axis–age of indel. Y-axis–percentage of indels found within coding regions.</p

Relative mutation rates of the 6 nucleotide changes for MA experimental, young singletons, old singletons.

<p>Significant differences between rates in young singletons as compares to the other two datasets are annotated (Z-test, Bonferroni corrected). Error bars indicate S.E. * indicated <i>p</i><0.05, ** indicate <i>p</i><0.01, *** indicate <i>p</i><0.001.</p

%Pn, Ts/Tv and GCeqm trends across SNP singleton age.

<p>%Pn and Ts/Tv values reach MA/neutral expectations in the lowest SNP frequencies (highlighted in box). GCeqm surpasses MA experimental values. X-axis–singletons from youngest to oldest. Y-axis–%Pn, Ts/Tv, GCeqm.</p