Catches of <i>Glossina palpalis palpalis</i> with 10 geo-referenced traps in Kwesikonfo Village (24 pigsties protected with ITN).

<p>Catch no. 1 and 2 represent the tsetse population at the start of the study, catch no. 12 after the experimental period.</p

Natural log transformation of total <i>G. p. palpalis</i> per day over 12 catches in Kwesikonfo Village.

<p>Evolution of catches before (surveys 1 and 2) and after protection (no. tsetse/traps/day). Least square regression: y = 4.7−0.328×(p = 0.002, R² = 0.634), significant.</p

Trypanosome prevalence in Kwesikonfo (protected) and Zorh (control) villages before and after intervention.

a,b<p>Superscript with different letter denote significant difference at p<0.05 level.</p

Pigsty protected with insecticide-treated net in Kwesikonfo.

<p>Pigsty protected with insecticide-treated net in Kwesikonfo.</p

Natural log transformation of total <i>G. p. palpalis</i> per day over 12 catches in Zorh Village (control village).

<p>Evolution of catches (no. tsetse/traps/day) in the absence of intervention. Least square regression: y = 4.7−0.025×(p = 0.62, R² = 0.026), not significant.</p

Catches of <i>Glossina palpalis palpalis</i> with 10 geo-referenced traps in Zorh Village (control village, 14 unprotected pigsties).

<p>Catch no. 1 and 2 represent the tsetse population at the start of the study, catch no. 12 after the experimental period.</p

Emaciated trypanosome positive sow, Eastern Region, Ghana.

<p>Emaciated trypanosome positive sow, Eastern Region, Ghana.</p

Map of Kwesikonfo, Eastern Region; intervention village.

<p>Trap locations No. 1-10 (red), near pigsty locations No. 101–128 (green).</p

Hardy-Weinberg analysis of group 1 <i>T. b. gambiense</i> isolates at the Côte d’Ivoire focus (N = 20).

<p>Hardy-Weinberg analysis of group 1 <i>T. b. gambiense</i> isolates at the Côte d’Ivoire focus (N = 20).</p

Genetic analysis of the <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> population at the Côte d’ivoire focus.

<p><b>a.</b> Dendrogram of multi-locus genotypes (MLG) for the <i>T. brucei</i> isolates collected from several townships in Côte d’Ivoire, over the period of time 1978–1983 in addition to DAL972 and ELIANE. Bootstrap values from 100 iterations are indicated for branch nodes with a bootstrap value above 10. The presence of <i>TgSGP</i> using primers spanning the 5′ and 3′ ends is indicated by *. Isolates that displayed human serum resistance, the classical <i>T. b. gambiense</i> isoenzyme profile and possess <i>TgSGP</i> can be inferred to be group 1 <i>T. b. gambiense</i> (Red). Isolates that display a degree of resistance or were isolated from humans but did not possess the classical isoenzyme profile or <i>TgSGP</i> were determined to be group 2 <i>T. b gambiense</i> (Blue). Strains that exhibited no human serum resistance and were isolated from animals are most likely <i>T. b. brucei</i> (Black). <b>b.</b> Predicted structure of the Côte d'Ivoire <i>T. brucei</i> focus for the most likely population number (K = 2). The proportion of each population that an isolate is a member of is indicated by red and blue in the histogram. <b>c.</b> Principal component analysis (PCA) of the Côte d’Ivoire <i>T. brucei</i> isolates using a pair-wise genetic distance comparison between each isolates MLG. The x-axis explains 56.45% of the variability in the populations and the y-axis 13.98%, for a total of 70.45%. Isolates are colored as outlined in 1a. The circled numbers indicate the centroids of the two clusters identified by <i>k</i>-means analysis. The limits of these clusters are also indicated.</p