Influence of Cation Size on the Ionicity, Fluidity, and Physiochemical Properties of 1,2,4-Triazolium Based Ionic Liquids

Interpreting the physiochemical properties and structure–property correlations of ionic liquids (ILs) is a key to the enlargement of their optimized structures for specific applications. In this work, a series of ILs based on 1-alkyl-1,2,4-triazolium cation with trifluoromethanesulfonate anion were synthesized and the effect of cation and temperature on physiochemical properties such as density, viscosity, speed of sound, conductivity, and rheology was studied. Temperature dependence densities were correlated with the densities estimated by the Gardas and Coutinho model, whereas viscosity and molar conductivity have been found to satisfy the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher (VTF) equation over the studied temperature range 293.15–343.15 K. Further, to explore the wide range of applications, ionicity has been tested by correlating the fluidity with molar conductivity and it was found that synthesized ILs can be referred to as “good ILs”. Furthermore, the fluidity behavior describing the interactions between the cation and anion of ILs was investigated through their rheological properties, and the Newtonian behavior of ILs has been examined by varying the effect of shear rate on viscosity. Finally, the impact of structure variants in terms of the N-1 functionalized 1,2,4-triazole ring has been analyzed over the studied properties

Effect of DBU (1,8-Diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene) Based Protic Ionic Liquid on the Volumetric and Ultrasonic Properties of Ascorbic Acid in Aqueous Solution

In order to understand the strength and type of interactions involved in ternary solutions, the effect of solute or cosolute concentration and temperature is needed, as an understanding of these interactions is helpful in biochemical and biophysical chemistry. In this regard, we have studied the volumetric and ultrasonic properties of one of the most important vitamins, i.e., ascorbic acid, in water and in the presence of newly synthesized protic ionic liquid (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]­undec-7-en-8-ium trifluoroacetate) at temperatures of 293.15–328.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. The experimentally measured density and speed of sound data were used to calculate apparent molar volume and isentropic compressibility, infinite dilution partial molar volume, and partial molar isentropic compressibility. Volume of transfer (Δ_t<i>V</i>₂° and Δ_t<i>K</i>°_s,2), expansion coefficients, pair and triplet volumetric interaction coefficients were also evaluated and discussed in terms of various interactions occurring between ascorbic acid and PIL on the basis of the structural interaction model

<i>Neat</i> Ionic liquid and α‑Chymotrypsin-Polymer Surfactant Conjugate-Based Biocatalytic Solvent

Performing biocatalysis in nonaqueous solvents is advantageous as it imparts enhanced solubility to hydrophobic substrates and an ability to increase the temperature for shifting reaction equilibrium in the forward direction. In this work, we show the design and development of another class of nonaqueous composite solvent obtained by mixing surface modified enzyme and neat ionic liquid (IL). We systematically probe the interaction and solubility of industrially relevant α-chymotrypsin in its native or surface-bound polymer–surfactant bioconjugated form, with neat protic (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium trifluoromethanesulfonate; [NMP]­[OTf]), or aprotic (1-methyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoromethanesulfonate; [HO3S­(CH2)4MIm]­[OTf]), ILs. Polarized optical micrographs show that the lyophilized powder of native α-chymotrypsin, nCT, does not disperse in either of the neat ILs, however, its polymer surfactant (PS)-coated bioconjugate counterparts, PScCT, in the waterless state, can be well-dispersed and solubilized in the neat [HO3S­(CH2)4MIm]­[OTf]. The solubilization of waterless bioconjugates of PScCT in neat aprotic IL provides a composite liquid, WL-ImPScCT (WL: waterless, Im: [HO3S­(CH2)4MIm]­[OTf]), having a viscosity of 69.6 Pa·s at 25 °C with a shear-thinning behavior, ≈ 15 w/w % α-chymotrypsin, and ≈ 1.2 w/w % residual water content. Detailed secondary structural analysis using circular dichroism and Fourier self-deconvolution on the ATR-FTIR data of WL-ImPScCT liquid reveals retention of the near native secondary structure of α-chymotrypsin. Further, using a combination of fluorescence spectroscopy and electron spray ionization mass spectrometry, we show that scattering of dry and powdered bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein on the WL-ImPScCT composite liquid results in the solubilization of the former, followed by limited proteolysis of BSA by the α-chymotrypsin. Our results, therefore, show the stabilization of α-chymotrypsin in a neat aprotic IL environment to yield a composite liquid, which not only acts as a nonaqueous, nonvolatile, and environmentally benign solvent, but also provides a biocatalytic platform capable of carrying out reactions relevant for biotransformations, food processing, drug delivery, and various other applications

A Simple Solution to the Age Old Problem of Regioselective Functionalization of Guanine: First Practical Synthesis of Acyclic <i>N</i>⁹- and/or <i>N</i>⁷-Guanine Nucleosides Starting from <i>N</i>²,<i>N</i>⁹-Diacetylguanine

Regioselective alkylation of guanine, a long-lasting challenge, has been overcome by understanding the role of acids as catalyst in the coupling reaction of DAG (10) with OBDDA (11). The acid-catalyzed and noncatalyzed reactions of 10 with OBDDA which mainly give N7 and N9 isomers, respectively, appear to follow different mechanisms. The practical utility of the noncatalyzed reaction, which gives almost quantitative yields of N9 derivatives, is demonstrated by synthesizing acylovir/gancyclovir in high yields

Additional file 1: of An efficient and improved method for virus-induced gene silencing in sorghum

Figure S1. BMV capsid protein quantification. BMV level was analyzed by western blot using an antibody against BMV coat protein. The capsid protein was normalized with Actin protein of the plants. In N. benthamiana, the BMV level was more in the BMV:: Ubiq infected plant compared to BMV:: anti-Ubiq infected plant. In sorghum, BMV level is similar in both BMV:: anti-Ubiq and BMV:: Ubiq infected plants. (PDF 63 kb

Additional file 3: of An efficient and improved method for virus-induced gene silencing in sorghum

Table S2. List of primers used in this study. (XLSX 12 kb

sj-docx-1-aan-10.1177_02184923231187055 - Supplemental material for Sutureless valves versus aortic root enlargement for aortic valve replacement in small aortic annulus: A systematic review and pooled analysis

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-aan-10.1177_02184923231187055 for Sutureless valves versus aortic root enlargement for aortic valve replacement in small aortic annulus: A systematic review and pooled analysis by Rajat Agarwal, Amiy Arnav, Ashis Ranjan, Shiv Mudgal and Dharmendra Singh in Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals</p

Additional file 2: of An efficient and improved method for virus-induced gene silencing in sorghum

Table S1. List of sorghum genotypes/varieties showing BMV infection. (XLSX 11 kb

sj-docx-2-aan-10.1177_02184923231187055 - Supplemental material for Sutureless valves versus aortic root enlargement for aortic valve replacement in small aortic annulus: A systematic review and pooled analysis

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-aan-10.1177_02184923231187055 for Sutureless valves versus aortic root enlargement for aortic valve replacement in small aortic annulus: A systematic review and pooled analysis by Rajat Agarwal, Amiy Arnav, Ashis Ranjan, Shiv Mudgal and Dharmendra Singh in Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals</p

Additional file 8: Figure S7. of Transcriptome analysis of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) in response to seedling drought stress

HeatMap of Top Down regulated between samples with p value < 0.05 in 1C_Control_1T_Treated. (TIF 974 kb