Genetic correlations among life history trait plasticities for different <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from barley, oat and wheat in two areas.

<p>Note: DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; statistical significance of genetic correlations evaluated using likelihood-ratio tests; *, <i>P</i><0.05; **, <i>P</i><0.01; ***, <i>P</i><0.001.</p><p>Genetic correlations among life history trait plasticities for different <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from barley, oat and wheat in two areas.</p

Relationship between total life-history trait plasticity and relative fitness of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones collected from barley (A), oat (B) and wheat (C) (the amount of plasticity evaluated by calculating the coefficient of variation for each trait in different environments; total life-history trait plasticity calculated from the first factor extracted from the principal component analysis of all life-history trait plasticities).

<p>Relationship between total life-history trait plasticity and relative fitness of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones collected from barley (A), oat (B) and wheat (C) (the amount of plasticity evaluated by calculating the coefficient of variation for each trait in different environments; total life-history trait plasticity calculated from the first factor extracted from the principal component analysis of all life-history trait plasticities).</p

Comparisons of G-matrices for life-history trait plasticities of barley, oat and wheat clones of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> in two areas.

<p>Note: The verdict of the Flury hierarchy is the model shown to be the best in explaining the difference between paired matrices; the <i>P</i>-values are for the test of equality of two matrices; full CPC, all principal components shared in common; CPC(4), four of the six possible components shared in common; unrelated, no relations between the matrices.</p><p>Comparisons of G-matrices for life-history trait plasticities of barley, oat and wheat clones of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> in two areas.</p

Comparisons of life-history traits for barley, oat and wheat clones of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> from two areas on original and alternative host plants, showing mean plasticity of tested clones (A-D for DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; E for DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; F for 7-d fecundity; data for a particular trait with different letters were significantly different at the <i>P</i><0.05 level, ANOVA followed by Tukey tests).

<p>Comparisons of life-history traits for barley, oat and wheat clones of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> from two areas on original and alternative host plants, showing mean plasticity of tested clones (A-D for DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; E for DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; F for 7-d fecundity; data for a particular trait with different letters were significantly different at the <i>P</i><0.05 level, ANOVA followed by Tukey tests).</p

Broad-sense heritabilities (SE) of life history trait plasticities for different <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from barley, oat and wheat on alternative host plants.

<p>Note: DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; statistical significance of heritability for a trait within clones (i.e. barley, oat, wheat) evaluated using likelihood-ratio tests; *, <i>P</i><0.05; **, <i>P</i><0.01; ***, <i>P</i><0.001.</p><p>Broad-sense heritabilities (SE) of life history trait plasticities for different <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones from barley, oat and wheat on alternative host plants.</p

Comparisons of probing behavioral patterns for <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones on wheat (i), barley (ii), and oat (iii).

(Values next to the arrows represent the probability of individuals entering a certain feeding step; probabilities followed by different lower case letters indicate significant differences between plants identified with Chi-square tests at P < 0.05; Np, non-probing; C, pathway phase; E1, phloem salivation; E2, phloem ingestion; G, xylem ingestion; F, stylet derailment).</p

Estimates of variance components for probing behavioral plasticities of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones showing main effects of plant, clone and interactions.

Estimates of variance components for probing behavioral plasticities of Sitobion avenae clones showing main effects of plant, clone and interactions.</p

Estimates of variance components for trait plasticities of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones showing main effects of collecting locations (location), plant origin (origin), test plant (test), clone nested in origin and interactions (significant effects highlighted in boldface).

<p>Estimates of variance components for trait plasticities of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones showing main effects of collecting locations (location), plant origin (origin), test plant (test), clone nested in origin and interactions (significant effects highlighted in boldface).</p

Selection differentials and gradients for life-history trait plasticities of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones collected from barley, oat and wheat in two areas.

<p>Note: DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; *, <i>P</i><0.05; **, <i>P</i><0.01; ***, <i>P</i><0.001.</p><p>Selection differentials and gradients for life-history trait plasticities of <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones collected from barley, oat and wheat in two areas.</p

Developmental time and fecundity for <i>Sitobion avenae</i> clones on wheat, barley and oat.

Developmental time and fecundity for Sitobion avenae clones on wheat, barley and oat.</p