Modelo tarifário de água para irrigação no vale Antinaco – Los Colorados, Argentina

Agriculture carried out in arid regions demands greater amounts of water and its inefficient use affects the potential recovery of the ecosystem. In Argentina, water is considered a public good; that means that, for private purposes, permission from provincial authorities must be required, ruling out negotiations in water markets. Antinaco - Los Colorados valley, located in the center west of the province of La Rioja (Argentina), is a region of great agricultural importance in the province and with significant water scarcity. The current system of irrigation service tariff has fixed prices; based on the area of agricultural land, a fixed amount is charged per hectare per year. This makes it difficult to use it as a tool to reduce excessive water consumption, discourage inappropriate irrigation strategies or avoid pollution generated in the agricultural sector. However, water tariff system may be proposed with the aim at both encouraging the preservation of the resource and considering environmental, technological, and cultural variables. Based on the document evaluation, statistical data, input from specialists, records of visits to the farms - considering the Polluter Pays Principle - the irrigation rates charged to agricultural farmers in Antinaco - Los Colorados valley were examined; the following results were obtained: 1st) the legal framework for water at national and provincial level; 2nd) the mathematical equation of the current irrigation rate; and 3rd) the proposal of a model of water irrigation tariffs for agricultural farmers in the valley.A agricultura realizada em regiões áridas demanda maiores quantidades de água, e seu uso ineficiente afeta a capacidade de recuperação do ecossistema. Na Argentina, a água é considerada bem público, ou seja, para utilizá-la para fins privados, deve-se solicitar permissão às autoridades estaduais, descartando as negociações mediante os mercados de água. O Vale Antinaco – Los Colorados, localizado no centro-oeste da província de La Rioja (Argentina), apresenta-se como uma região de grande importância agrícola na província e com considerável escassez hídrica. O atual sistema de tarifas do serviço de irrigação possui preços fixos baseados na superfície das terras agrícolas, cobra-se um valor fixo por hectare, por ano. Isso dificulta utilizá-lo como ferramenta para abater o consumo excessivo de água, desincentivar estratégias de irrigação pouco adequadas ou evitar poluição gerada no setor agropecuário. Entretanto pode-se propor estruturas tarifarias de água com o intuito de incentivara preservação do recurso e considerar variáveis ambientais, tecnológicas e culturais. A partir da análise de documentos, dados estatísticos, aporte de especialistas, registros de visitas a campo e utilizando o princípio de poluidor pagador, examinou-se as taxas de irrigação cobradas dos produtores agrícolas no Vale Antinaco – Los Colorados, obtendo-se os seguintes resultados: 1º) o enquadre jurídico das águas a nível nacional e provincial; 2º) a equação matemática da taxa de irrigação vigente; e 3º) a proposta de um modelo de tarifas de água para irrigação para os produtores agrícolas do vale

Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London