Toward Scalable Perovskite Solar Modules Using Blade Coating and Rapid Thermal Processing

Toward scalable manufacturing of perovskite solar panels, high-performance planar p–i–n perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) and modules have been demonstrated with blade coating and rapid thermal processing (RTP). The PVSCs made using RTP for less than 30 s have equivalent photovoltaic performance as devices fabricated from hot-plate annealing for 2 min. The resulting PVSCs show the best average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 18.47% from forward and reverse scans. Mini-modules with an active area of over 2.7 cm2 exhibit a champion average PCE of over 17.73% without apparent hysteresis. To the best of our knowledge, these efficiencies are the highest for PVSCs processed by the combination of blade coating and RTP. Furthermore, both the blade coating and RTP were performed in an ambient environment, paving the way for the large-scale production of PVSCs through high-speed roll-to-roll printing

Running correlations based on a 31-year window of the tree-ring standard chronology and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE).

The study viewed intermediate point as a starting year. The black (green) horizontal dash lines represent the 95% (99%) confidence level.</p

Cystás fi brosissal élő betegek és gondozóik életminősége és betegségterhei: a BURQOL-RD európai felmérés magyarországi eredményei | Health related quality of life and disease burden of patients with cystic fibrosis and their caregivers: Results of the European BURQOL-RD survey in Hungary

Bevezetés: Magyarországon kevéssé ismertek a cystás fibrosis betegség egyéni és társadalmi terhei. Célkitűzés: A cystás fibrosissal élő betegek és gondozóik egészséggel összefüggő életminőségének és terheinek felmérése. Módszer: Az európai BURQOL-RD-projekt keretében keresztmetszeti kérdőíves felmérést végeztek EQ-5D-5L-kérdőívvel és retrospektíven vizsgálták az egészségügyi ellátások igénybevételét. Eredmények: 110 beteg (korcsoportok, év: 0–13, N = 48; 14–17, N = 12; ≥18, N = 50) vett részt a vizsgálatban, a diagnózis felállításakor az életkor medián 1 év volt. Az EQ-5D-5L-indexérték szignifikánsan alacsonyabb volt a 18–24 és 25–34 éves korosztályban a hazai populációs átlagnál (p<0,05). Tüdőgyógyászati szakvizsgálaton 75 beteg (68%) járt, kórházi felvételre 55 beteg (50%) került az elmúlt 6, illetve 12 hónapban, dornase alfa-kezelést 57 beteg (52%) kapott. Öt felnőtt beteget (10%) segített közeli családtag nem hivatásos gondozóként. Következtetések: A cystás fibrosis jelentős életminőség-csökkenéssel jár. A kutatás elsőként nyújt alapadatokat a kelet-közép-európai régióból a cystásfibrosis-ellátás egészség-gazdaságtani elemzéseihez. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(42), 1673–1684. | Introduction: Data on disease burden of cystic fibrosis in Hungary are scarce. Aim: To assess quality of life and resource utilisations of patients with cystic fibrosis. Method: In a cross-sectional survey (BURQOL-RD project), the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire was applied and healthcare utilisations were retrospectively surveyed. Results: 110 patients participated in the study (age-groups, year: 0–13, N = 48; 14–17, N = 12; ≥18, N = 50), median age at the diagnosis was 1 year. EQ-5D-5L score in age-groups 18–24 and 25–34 was significantly lower than in the general population (p<0.05). 75 patients (68%) attended pulmonology care, 55 patients (50%) were hospitalised in the past 6 and 12 months, respectively, and 57 patients (52%) were taking dornase alpha. Five adult patients (10%) received help from non-professional caregiver. Conclusions: Cystic fibrosis leads to significant deterioration of quality of life. This study is the first from the Central Eastern European region that provides basic inputs for further health economic evaluations of cystic fibrosis care. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(42), 1673–1684

Correlations between climate variables and (a) the series of tree-ring carbon isotope discrimination (△¹³C), and (b) the first-order differenced △¹³C from the start of previous growing season (previous February) to the end of current growing season (current December) for the period of 1955–2013.

<p>SO represents the combination of data from September to October. The black (green) horizontal dash lines represent the 95% (99%) confidence level.</p

Correlations between climate variables and (a) the tree-ring standard chronology (STD), and (b) the first-order differenced STD from the start of previous growing season (previous February) to the end of current growing season (current December) for the period of 1955–2013.

<p>JA represents the mean between July and August. The black (green) horizontal dash lines represent the 95% (99%) confidence level.</p

Variations in (a) leaf intercellular CO₂ concentration (<i>c</i>_<i>i</i>) and ambient CO₂ concentration (<i>c</i>_<i>a</i>), (b) ¹³C discrimination ratios (<i>c</i>_<i>i</i>/<i>c</i>_<i>a</i>) and (c) intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) calculated from three scenarios as a baseline for interpreting the gas exchange in response to increasing <i>c</i>_<i>a</i> over the period of 1865–2013.

<p>The atmospheric CO₂ were derived from McCarroll and Loader [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172045#pone.0172045.ref002" target="_blank">2</a>].</p

(a) Tree-ring carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C_p) for the <i>Pinus massoniana</i> in Niumulin Nature Reserve (NML) during 1844–2013 and atmospheric carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C_a) from 1900 to 2013, and (b) tree-ring carbon isotope discrimination (△¹³C) during 1865–2013.

<p>The values of δ¹³C_a were derived from Francey et al [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172045#pone.0172045.ref052" target="_blank">52</a>].</p

Locations of the tree-ring sampling site, the meteorological station and the close city in eastern Fujian province.

<p>The maps were derived from Geographic Information Resources Service (<a href="http://www.webmap.cn/mapDataAction.do?method=forw&resType=5" target="_blank">http://www.webmap.cn/mapDataAction.do?method=forw&resType=5</a>) and produced using ArcMap 10.0 software.</p

Time series of the (a) raw tree-ring width chronology and (b) tree-ring standard chronology (STD) and the sample size from <i>Pinus massoniana</i> of the Niumulin Nature Reserve (NML) for the period of 1836–2013.

<p>The reliable period of the chronology with over 13 cores is determined with the static of Expression Population Signal (EPS) greater than 0.85. The red lines represent the result of FFT filtering using a 10-year window to emphasize the low-frequency variations.</p

Efficient and Stable Self-Passivation Perovskite Solar Cells Prepared in Ambient Air Based on an Antisolvent-Free Method

Solution processable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are one of the most promising candidates for commercialization. However, the perovskite film preparation method is limited by the mandatory antisolvent process under an inert gas atmosphere which significantly influenced its mass production. In this study, we developed a perovskite film preparation without the requirement of antisolvent dripping in air. We employed various solvents to prepare perovskite films and studied their influence on perovskite nucleation and morphology for the respective solvents. Among them, the perovskite prepared using dimethylacetamide (DMAc), which has low solubility and high interaction with PbI2, demonstrated a highly crystalline perovskite black phase without antisolvent dripping. Furthermore, we found that the perovskite concentration played an important role in the perovskite film quality, where the high concentration DMAc-based perovskite produced a smooth and dense perovskite film by the antisolvent-free method in air. PSCs fabricated using this technique delivered a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.1%. At the same time, the best device prepared by the blade-coated method also got 18% PCE. Moreover, the unencapsulated devices exhibited excellent stability, which retained more than 90% of their initial efficiency after 47 days in air. This work provides a facile and cost-effective method toward a controllable fabrication of high-performance antisolvent-free MAPbI3-based solar cells