Excited-State Planarization in Donor–Bridge Dye Sensitizers: Phenylene versus Thiophene Bridges

Donor−π–acceptor complexes for solar energy conversion are commonly composed of a chomophore donor and a semiconductor nanoparticle acceptor separated by a π bridge. The electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor is known to be large when the π systems of the donor and bridge are coplanar. However, the accessibility of highly coplanar geometries in the excited state is not well understood. In this work, we clarify the relationship between the bridge structure and excited-state donor–bridge coplanarization by comparing rhodamine sensitizers with either phenylene (O-Ph) or thiophene (O-Th) bridge units. Using a variety of optical spectroscopic and computational techniques, we model the S1 excited-state potential surfaces of O-Ph and O-Th along the dihedral coordinate of donor–bridge coplanarization, τ. We find that O-Th accesses a nearly coplanar (τ = 8°) global minimum geometry in S1 where significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character is developed. The S1 coplanar geometry is populated in O-Ph is sterically hindered from rotation along τ and therefore remains at its initial S1 equilibrium geometry far from coplanarity (τ = 56°). Our results demonstrate that donor–bridge dye sensitizers utilizing thiophene bridges should facilitate strong donor–acceptor coupling by an ultrafast and stabilizing coplanarization mechanism in S1. The coplanarization will result in strong donor–acceptor coupling, potentially increasing the electron transfer efficiency. These findings provide further explanation for the success of thiophene as a bridge unit and can be used to guide the informed design of new molecular sensitizers

Excited-State Planarization in Donor–Bridge Dye Sensitizers: Phenylene versus Thiophene Bridges

Donor−π–acceptor complexes for solar energy conversion are commonly composed of a chomophore donor and a semiconductor nanoparticle acceptor separated by a π bridge. The electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor is known to be large when the π systems of the donor and bridge are coplanar. However, the accessibility of highly coplanar geometries in the excited state is not well understood. In this work, we clarify the relationship between the bridge structure and excited-state donor–bridge coplanarization by comparing rhodamine sensitizers with either phenylene (O-Ph) or thiophene (O-Th) bridge units. Using a variety of optical spectroscopic and computational techniques, we model the S1 excited-state potential surfaces of O-Ph and O-Th along the dihedral coordinate of donor–bridge coplanarization, τ. We find that O-Th accesses a nearly coplanar (τ = 8°) global minimum geometry in S1 where significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character is developed. The S1 coplanar geometry is populated in O-Ph is sterically hindered from rotation along τ and therefore remains at its initial S1 equilibrium geometry far from coplanarity (τ = 56°). Our results demonstrate that donor–bridge dye sensitizers utilizing thiophene bridges should facilitate strong donor–acceptor coupling by an ultrafast and stabilizing coplanarization mechanism in S1. The coplanarization will result in strong donor–acceptor coupling, potentially increasing the electron transfer efficiency. These findings provide further explanation for the success of thiophene as a bridge unit and can be used to guide the informed design of new molecular sensitizers

Excited-State Planarization in Donor–Bridge Dye Sensitizers: Phenylene versus Thiophene Bridges

Donor−π–acceptor complexes for solar energy conversion are commonly composed of a chomophore donor and a semiconductor nanoparticle acceptor separated by a π bridge. The electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor is known to be large when the π systems of the donor and bridge are coplanar. However, the accessibility of highly coplanar geometries in the excited state is not well understood. In this work, we clarify the relationship between the bridge structure and excited-state donor–bridge coplanarization by comparing rhodamine sensitizers with either phenylene (O-Ph) or thiophene (O-Th) bridge units. Using a variety of optical spectroscopic and computational techniques, we model the S1 excited-state potential surfaces of O-Ph and O-Th along the dihedral coordinate of donor–bridge coplanarization, τ. We find that O-Th accesses a nearly coplanar (τ = 8°) global minimum geometry in S1 where significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character is developed. The S1 coplanar geometry is populated in O-Ph is sterically hindered from rotation along τ and therefore remains at its initial S1 equilibrium geometry far from coplanarity (τ = 56°). Our results demonstrate that donor–bridge dye sensitizers utilizing thiophene bridges should facilitate strong donor–acceptor coupling by an ultrafast and stabilizing coplanarization mechanism in S1. The coplanarization will result in strong donor–acceptor coupling, potentially increasing the electron transfer efficiency. These findings provide further explanation for the success of thiophene as a bridge unit and can be used to guide the informed design of new molecular sensitizers

Excited-State Planarization in Donor–Bridge Dye Sensitizers: Phenylene versus Thiophene Bridges

Donor−π–acceptor complexes for solar energy conversion are commonly composed of a chomophore donor and a semiconductor nanoparticle acceptor separated by a π bridge. The electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor is known to be large when the π systems of the donor and bridge are coplanar. However, the accessibility of highly coplanar geometries in the excited state is not well understood. In this work, we clarify the relationship between the bridge structure and excited-state donor–bridge coplanarization by comparing rhodamine sensitizers with either phenylene (O-Ph) or thiophene (O-Th) bridge units. Using a variety of optical spectroscopic and computational techniques, we model the S1 excited-state potential surfaces of O-Ph and O-Th along the dihedral coordinate of donor–bridge coplanarization, τ. We find that O-Th accesses a nearly coplanar (τ = 8°) global minimum geometry in S1 where significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character is developed. The S1 coplanar geometry is populated in O-Ph is sterically hindered from rotation along τ and therefore remains at its initial S1 equilibrium geometry far from coplanarity (τ = 56°). Our results demonstrate that donor–bridge dye sensitizers utilizing thiophene bridges should facilitate strong donor–acceptor coupling by an ultrafast and stabilizing coplanarization mechanism in S1. The coplanarization will result in strong donor–acceptor coupling, potentially increasing the electron transfer efficiency. These findings provide further explanation for the success of thiophene as a bridge unit and can be used to guide the informed design of new molecular sensitizers

Excited-State Planarization in Donor–Bridge Dye Sensitizers: Phenylene versus Thiophene Bridges

Donor−π–acceptor complexes for solar energy conversion are commonly composed of a chomophore donor and a semiconductor nanoparticle acceptor separated by a π bridge. The electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor is known to be large when the π systems of the donor and bridge are coplanar. However, the accessibility of highly coplanar geometries in the excited state is not well understood. In this work, we clarify the relationship between the bridge structure and excited-state donor–bridge coplanarization by comparing rhodamine sensitizers with either phenylene (O-Ph) or thiophene (O-Th) bridge units. Using a variety of optical spectroscopic and computational techniques, we model the S1 excited-state potential surfaces of O-Ph and O-Th along the dihedral coordinate of donor–bridge coplanarization, τ. We find that O-Th accesses a nearly coplanar (τ = 8°) global minimum geometry in S1 where significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character is developed. The S1 coplanar geometry is populated in O-Ph is sterically hindered from rotation along τ and therefore remains at its initial S1 equilibrium geometry far from coplanarity (τ = 56°). Our results demonstrate that donor–bridge dye sensitizers utilizing thiophene bridges should facilitate strong donor–acceptor coupling by an ultrafast and stabilizing coplanarization mechanism in S1. The coplanarization will result in strong donor–acceptor coupling, potentially increasing the electron transfer efficiency. These findings provide further explanation for the success of thiophene as a bridge unit and can be used to guide the informed design of new molecular sensitizers

Excited-State Planarization in Donor–Bridge Dye Sensitizers: Phenylene versus Thiophene Bridges

Donor−π–acceptor complexes for solar energy conversion are commonly composed of a chomophore donor and a semiconductor nanoparticle acceptor separated by a π bridge. The electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor is known to be large when the π systems of the donor and bridge are coplanar. However, the accessibility of highly coplanar geometries in the excited state is not well understood. In this work, we clarify the relationship between the bridge structure and excited-state donor–bridge coplanarization by comparing rhodamine sensitizers with either phenylene (O-Ph) or thiophene (O-Th) bridge units. Using a variety of optical spectroscopic and computational techniques, we model the S1 excited-state potential surfaces of O-Ph and O-Th along the dihedral coordinate of donor–bridge coplanarization, τ. We find that O-Th accesses a nearly coplanar (τ = 8°) global minimum geometry in S1 where significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character is developed. The S1 coplanar geometry is populated in O-Ph is sterically hindered from rotation along τ and therefore remains at its initial S1 equilibrium geometry far from coplanarity (τ = 56°). Our results demonstrate that donor–bridge dye sensitizers utilizing thiophene bridges should facilitate strong donor–acceptor coupling by an ultrafast and stabilizing coplanarization mechanism in S1. The coplanarization will result in strong donor–acceptor coupling, potentially increasing the electron transfer efficiency. These findings provide further explanation for the success of thiophene as a bridge unit and can be used to guide the informed design of new molecular sensitizers

Excited-State Planarization in Donor–Bridge Dye Sensitizers: Phenylene versus Thiophene Bridges

Donor−π–acceptor complexes for solar energy conversion are commonly composed of a chomophore donor and a semiconductor nanoparticle acceptor separated by a π bridge. The electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor is known to be large when the π systems of the donor and bridge are coplanar. However, the accessibility of highly coplanar geometries in the excited state is not well understood. In this work, we clarify the relationship between the bridge structure and excited-state donor–bridge coplanarization by comparing rhodamine sensitizers with either phenylene (O-Ph) or thiophene (O-Th) bridge units. Using a variety of optical spectroscopic and computational techniques, we model the S1 excited-state potential surfaces of O-Ph and O-Th along the dihedral coordinate of donor–bridge coplanarization, τ. We find that O-Th accesses a nearly coplanar (τ = 8°) global minimum geometry in S1 where significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character is developed. The S1 coplanar geometry is populated in O-Ph is sterically hindered from rotation along τ and therefore remains at its initial S1 equilibrium geometry far from coplanarity (τ = 56°). Our results demonstrate that donor–bridge dye sensitizers utilizing thiophene bridges should facilitate strong donor–acceptor coupling by an ultrafast and stabilizing coplanarization mechanism in S1. The coplanarization will result in strong donor–acceptor coupling, potentially increasing the electron transfer efficiency. These findings provide further explanation for the success of thiophene as a bridge unit and can be used to guide the informed design of new molecular sensitizers

Excited-State Planarization in Donor–Bridge Dye Sensitizers: Phenylene versus Thiophene Bridges

Donor−π–acceptor complexes for solar energy conversion are commonly composed of a chomophore donor and a semiconductor nanoparticle acceptor separated by a π bridge. The electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor is known to be large when the π systems of the donor and bridge are coplanar. However, the accessibility of highly coplanar geometries in the excited state is not well understood. In this work, we clarify the relationship between the bridge structure and excited-state donor–bridge coplanarization by comparing rhodamine sensitizers with either phenylene (O-Ph) or thiophene (O-Th) bridge units. Using a variety of optical spectroscopic and computational techniques, we model the S1 excited-state potential surfaces of O-Ph and O-Th along the dihedral coordinate of donor–bridge coplanarization, τ. We find that O-Th accesses a nearly coplanar (τ = 8°) global minimum geometry in S1 where significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character is developed. The S1 coplanar geometry is populated in O-Ph is sterically hindered from rotation along τ and therefore remains at its initial S1 equilibrium geometry far from coplanarity (τ = 56°). Our results demonstrate that donor–bridge dye sensitizers utilizing thiophene bridges should facilitate strong donor–acceptor coupling by an ultrafast and stabilizing coplanarization mechanism in S1. The coplanarization will result in strong donor–acceptor coupling, potentially increasing the electron transfer efficiency. These findings provide further explanation for the success of thiophene as a bridge unit and can be used to guide the informed design of new molecular sensitizers

Excited-State Planarization in Donor–Bridge Dye Sensitizers: Phenylene versus Thiophene Bridges

Donor−π–acceptor complexes for solar energy conversion are commonly composed of a chomophore donor and a semiconductor nanoparticle acceptor separated by a π bridge. The electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor is known to be large when the π systems of the donor and bridge are coplanar. However, the accessibility of highly coplanar geometries in the excited state is not well understood. In this work, we clarify the relationship between the bridge structure and excited-state donor–bridge coplanarization by comparing rhodamine sensitizers with either phenylene (O-Ph) or thiophene (O-Th) bridge units. Using a variety of optical spectroscopic and computational techniques, we model the S1 excited-state potential surfaces of O-Ph and O-Th along the dihedral coordinate of donor–bridge coplanarization, τ. We find that O-Th accesses a nearly coplanar (τ = 8°) global minimum geometry in S1 where significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character is developed. The S1 coplanar geometry is populated in O-Ph is sterically hindered from rotation along τ and therefore remains at its initial S1 equilibrium geometry far from coplanarity (τ = 56°). Our results demonstrate that donor–bridge dye sensitizers utilizing thiophene bridges should facilitate strong donor–acceptor coupling by an ultrafast and stabilizing coplanarization mechanism in S1. The coplanarization will result in strong donor–acceptor coupling, potentially increasing the electron transfer efficiency. These findings provide further explanation for the success of thiophene as a bridge unit and can be used to guide the informed design of new molecular sensitizers