Cell targeting and spike train auto-correlograms.

<p><b>A.</b> Fluorescence images of retina in presence of bath applied sulforhodamine, a counterstain showing intact cell bodies (dark) on lighter fluorescent background with examples of a large (alpha) and small (non-alpha) somas RGCs indicated by asterisks. Two-photon Z-projection images of alpha (<b>B</b>) and non-alpha (<b>C</b>) RGCs following internal whole cell dialysis with pipette filling solution that contains 140 uM OGB-1. Scale bars 30 and 15 um, respectively. Spike train rasters recorded from alpha (<b>D</b>) and non-alpha (<b>E</b>) RGCs and corresponding auto-correlograms (black traces) based on 166 s records, 2 ms bin widths. Red traces are auto-correlograms using shuffled spike trains (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086253#s2" target="_blank">Methods & Materials</a>). Insets show auto-correlograms on expanded time scales to illustrate reduced spike probability during a ∼5 to 10 ms refractory period following a spike.</p

Schematic diagram of electrically and chemically mediated synaptic interactions that can account for the observed results in RD1 retina.

<p>Membrane potential oscillations (blue sinusoid) generated by a voltage-gated Na⁺ channel dependent mechanism originate in the network of electrically coupled A2 amacrine cells. The rhythmic fluctuations in membrane voltage cause oscillations in glycine release and strength of excitatory electrical transmission resulting in out of phase variations in membrane potential of OFF (orange sinusoid) and ON (purple sinusoid) cone bipolar cells (CBCs), respectively. The resulting variations in the strength of glutamatergic transmission stimulates oscillations in the membrane potential of: (1) OFF and ON RGCs thus accounting for out of phase generation of spike activity in un-like type RGCs (bottom raster trains) and (2) unidentified glycinergic or GABAergic amacrine cells (UACs) to give rise to oscillatory inhibitory synaptic input to alpha RGCs.</p

Person-years by vaccination status and characteristics.

a<p>Individuals could contribute person-time to more than one category.</p>b<p>For determination of numbers, age at vaccination used if vaccinated; otherwise baseline age.</p>c<p>Missing race information for 975 people (0.1%).</p>d<p>At any stage during the study.</p><p>IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis.</p

Flow chart of analysis cohort.

<p>Flow chart of analysis cohort.</p

Zoster vaccine effectiveness against PHN by characteristics and disease definition.

a<p>Definition requiring antiviral administration within 7 d before or after the diagnostic code for herpes zoster.</p>b<p>Adjusted for age, gender, race, immunosuppression status, low income, COPD, IBD, kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and SLE.</p>c<p>Numbers suppressed to remain compliant with CMS's small-sized cell privacy policy.</p

Correlation analysis of spike trains recorded from an alpha and non-alpha RGCs.

<p><b>A.</b> Rasterized spike trains recorded simultaneously from a non-alpha (top trace) and OFF alpha RGC. <b>B, C.</b> Auto-correlograms of spontaneous spike activity in non-alpha and OFF alpha RGCs in A, respectively. Inserts show auto-correlation on expanded time scale. <b>C.</b> Cross-correlogram of spike trains recorded from RGCs in part A, total record lengths 287 s. In all panels black and red traces plot auto- and cross-correlations of original and shuffled spike times, respectively.</p

Incidence rates for herpes zoster by disease definition and patient characteristics.

a<p>Adjusted for age, gender, race, immunosuppression status, low income, COPD, IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, RA (rheumatoid arthritis), and SLE,</p

Percentage vaccinated by state.

<p>Alaska and Hawaii not included in this figure for graphical reasons.</p

Phase stability in spike firing in paired recordings.

<p>The phase relationship of spike generation in trains recorded simultaneously from pairs of like-type alpha RGCs, i.e. both ON cells (<b>A</b>) and both OFF cells (<b>B</b>) and from un-like type alpha RGCs, i.e. an ON and OFF cells with examples showing stable and un-stable phase relationships, <b>B, C</b>, respectively. Phase was calculated from cross-correlograms using a 5 s sliding window that was incremented by 0.5 s. Spike trains during periods of reversed phase are shown by traces in <b>E, F</b>. OFF alpha cells identified as sustained or transient subtypes labeled OFFS and OFFT, respectively.</p