Characteristics of study participants according to gestational diabetes (GDM) case-control status.

1<p>Mean ± SD (standard deviation).</p

The dotplot of serum HO-1 concentrations according to GDM case-control status with median (+++), the lowest, or the highest quartile bar lines (---) indicated.

<p>The dotplot of serum HO-1 concentrations according to GDM case-control status with median (+++), the lowest, or the highest quartile bar lines (---) indicated.</p

Relation between maternal serum HO-1 concentrations and the adjusted relative odds of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (solid line), with 95% CI (dotted lines).

<p>The vertical bars along the serum HO-1 concentrations axis indicate distribution of study subjects. The estimates were adjusted by maternal age, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes and pre-pregnancy body mass index. (Excluded 3 subjects with serum HO-1 measurements>4 ng/mL, all are non-GDM.).</p

Genetic variations related to maternal whole blood mitochondrial DNA copy number: a genome-wide and candidate gene study

<p>We conducted genome-wide (GWAS) and candidate gene association studies of maternal mitochondrial DNA copy number. Maternal peripheral blood was collected during labor and delivery admission from 471 participants of a placental abruption case-control study conducted in Lima, Peru. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed using the Illumina Cardio-Metabo Chip. Whole blood mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number was measured using qRT-PCR techniques. We evaluated 119,629 SNPs in the GWAS and 161 SNPs (in 29 mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation genes) in the candidate association study. Top hits from GWAS and the candidate gene study were selected to compute weighted genetic risk scores (wGRS). Linear regression models were used to calculate effect size estimates and related nominal <i>p</i> values. The top hit in our GWAS was chr19:51063065 in FOXA3 (empirical <i>p</i> values = 2.20e − 6). A total of 134 SNPs had <i>p</i> values < 0.001 including rs17111633 in CNNM1 (<i>p</i> values = 6.32e − 6) and chr19:51083059 in MYPOP (<i>p</i> values = 3.23e − 5). In the candidate association study, several SNPs in PPARG, PRKCA, SP1 and THRB were associated with mtDNA copy number (<i>p</i> values < 0.05). mtDNA copy number was significantly associated with wGRS based on top GWAS hits (<i>β</i> = 0.49, 95% CI:0.38–0.60, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Variations in nuclear DNA are potentially associated with maternal mtDNA copy number.</p

The adjusted mean difference and standard error (SE) bars of glucose concentration according to the frequency of snoring during early pregnancy after adjusting for maternal age, race, smoking during pregnancy and family history of diabetes mellitus as well as pre-pregnancy BMI.

<p>The adjusted mean difference and standard error (SE) bars of glucose concentration according to the frequency of snoring during early pregnancy after adjusting for maternal age, race, smoking during pregnancy and family history of diabetes mellitus as well as pre-pregnancy BMI.</p

Linear regression model of glucose concentrations according to frequency of snoring during early pregnancy.

<p>Linear regression model of glucose concentrations according to frequency of snoring during early pregnancy.</p

Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk according to any snoring during early pregnancy and pre-pregnancy overweight status.

<p>Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk according to any snoring during early pregnancy and pre-pregnancy overweight status.</p

Characteristics of the study population, April 2009—June 2013.

<p>Characteristics of the study population, April 2009—June 2013.</p

Sample model selection procedure for SNP chr312412978.

<p>Sample model selection procedure for SNP chr312412978.</p

Risk of impaired glucose tolerance after a 50-Gram oral glucose challenge screening test and incident gestational diabetes mellitus according to maternal snoring during early pregnancy.

<p>Risk of impaired glucose tolerance after a 50-Gram oral glucose challenge screening test and incident gestational diabetes mellitus according to maternal snoring during early pregnancy.</p