Comparisons of existing studies.

Comparisons of existing studies.</p

Parameter definition.

Parameter definition.</p

Architectural design of the calculator based on DNA strand displacement reactions.

(a) The pentahedral pyramid DNA self-assembly structure. (b) The displacement process of a single input strand A'. (c) The displacement process of the adjacent strands (A',B'). (d) The displacement process of the relative strands (A',C').</p

The process of encryption by using two models.

The process of encryption by using two models.</p

Comparisons of the probability values.

Comparisons of the probability values.</p

DNA coding combinations.

DNA coding combinations.</p

Four logic gates and truth table.

(a) Input A' and input B' are set as "1" and "0", respectively. The output is "1" only upon the simultaneous addition of strands A' and B'; Otherwise, the output is "0". (b) Both of the input A' and input B' indicate "1"; "0" indicates no input. (c) Add strand C' to displace C firstly, and then define input A' as "1" and input B' as "0". (d) Add strand D' to displace D first, and then define input A' as "1" and input B' as "0".</p

Comparisons of the probability of selection and cracking (here, <i>n</i>₁-the length of plaintext binary; <i>n</i>₂-the length of primer information; <i>n</i>₃-the total number of ring DNA; <i>n</i>₄-the length of the key).

Comparisons of the probability of selection and cracking (here, n1-the length of plaintext binary; n2-the length of primer information; n3-the total number of ring DNA; n4-the length of the key).</p

There different displacement processes.

(a) The displacement process when adding A' and B'. (b) The displacement process when adding A' and C'. (c) The displacement process when adding A' and D'.</p

Comparisons of the probability graphs.

Comparisons of the probability graphs.</p