Achieving Low-Cost and Accelerated Living Cationic Polymerization of Isobutyl Vinyl Ether in Microflow System

In this work, we proposed and realized a strategy for fast and low-cost living cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) based on temporary stability of propagating chain. It combines the decrease of added-base addition to increase the polymerization rate and the use of microflow system to enhance process regulation. To ensure the living characteristic, the concentration of added-base DO was allowed to be as low as 0.1 M for IBVE–HCl/SnCl₄/DO initiation system and 0.5 M for IBVE–HCl/FeCl₃/DO initiation system, respectively; the time to achieve 80% conversion could decrease to around 5 s. We also discussed the effect of reaction mode on the polymerization performances and recognized the mechanism and requirement to achieve living cationic polymerization at decreased added-base addition. These recognitions may broaden the horizon of living cationic polymerization and improve its commercial value with respect to productivity and cost

Path for construction of resilience evaluation system.

Path for construction of resilience evaluation system.</p

Cultural landscape in Ningyuanbao Village.

(A) Geographical location of Ningyuanbao Village. The base map was from USGS EROS: http://eros.usgs.gov/#. Yellow line reprsents fort, blue line represents river, orange line represents the Great Wall. (B) Current spatial layout of Ningyuanbao Village. The figure was made by Weiya Zhang. The thinnest light gray line represents streets, pink area represents original site area, blue-gray line represents external transport, dark gray line represents national roads, the light blue areas represent rivers. (C) The Great Wall called Dichangcuo. (D) Eastern beacon tower. (E) Beacon tower called Shuiguan. (F) Southern gate of Ningyuanbao Fortress. (G) Beacon tower at Ningyuanbao Village. The photos of (C)-(G) were provided by Xiaodong Ming. (PDF)</p

The resilience evaluation result of CLGWVs.

The Great Wall Villages (GWVs) are linked to the Great Wall in history, culture, and ecology. The cultural landscape resilience of Great Wall Villages (CLRGWVs) is distinctly significant. However, it is influenced by urbanization, pollution, and a lack of awareness of cultural landscape protection. Therefore, conservation and development practices still lack scientific strategies and guidance. This study proposes a new assessment system to quantify CLRGWVs, an analysis of the main influencing factors of resilience, and optimization paths to maintain sustainable development. Based on the socio-ecological system, this research designed the assessment with three criteria, eleven factors, and thirty-three indexes from the perspective of CLRGWVs. Furthermore, a demonstration test was constructed in Ningyuanbao Village, Dushikou Village, and Longmensuo Village in Chicheng County, Hebei Province, China. The results showed that there is some disparity between the three GWVs, with the resilience score of Dushikou Village being the highest in terms of resistance and learning. In contrast, Ningyuanbao Village’s resilience score is the lowest since resistance, recovery, and learning capacity are lower than in Dushikou and Longmensuo. Some influencing factors were found to be highly related to adaptive capacity. Lastly, some low-resilience aspects were identified as critical improvement targets for which corresponding optimization strategies should be proposed. This could be applied to streamline resilience optimization paths according to local conditions. This paper provides new ideas and directions for dealing with the sustainable development of villages and the conservation of cultural landscapes. It will also help villages deal with the relationship between socio-economic development and the conservation of cultural landscapes.</div

Status of Great Wall Villages.

The base photo was provided by Xiaodong Ming. (A) Ningyuanbao Village. Dotted line represents fort, white solid line represents the Great Wall, trapezoidal represents enemy platform, blue line represents river. (B) Dushikou Village. Dotted line represents fort, blue line represents river, ellipse represents park. (C) Longmensuo Village. Dotted line represents fort, trapezoidal represents enemy platform, blue line represents river.</p

Correlation analysis of recovery of GWVs in Chicheng County.

Correlation analysis of recovery of GWVs in Chicheng County.</p

Comparative evaluation results of three villages.

Red represents Ningyuanbao, orange represents Dushikou, yellow represents Longmensuo.</p

General evaluation results of the CLREGWVs.

The Great Wall Villages (GWVs) are linked to the Great Wall in history, culture, and ecology. The cultural landscape resilience of Great Wall Villages (CLRGWVs) is distinctly significant. However, it is influenced by urbanization, pollution, and a lack of awareness of cultural landscape protection. Therefore, conservation and development practices still lack scientific strategies and guidance. This study proposes a new assessment system to quantify CLRGWVs, an analysis of the main influencing factors of resilience, and optimization paths to maintain sustainable development. Based on the socio-ecological system, this research designed the assessment with three criteria, eleven factors, and thirty-three indexes from the perspective of CLRGWVs. Furthermore, a demonstration test was constructed in Ningyuanbao Village, Dushikou Village, and Longmensuo Village in Chicheng County, Hebei Province, China. The results showed that there is some disparity between the three GWVs, with the resilience score of Dushikou Village being the highest in terms of resistance and learning. In contrast, Ningyuanbao Village’s resilience score is the lowest since resistance, recovery, and learning capacity are lower than in Dushikou and Longmensuo. Some influencing factors were found to be highly related to adaptive capacity. Lastly, some low-resilience aspects were identified as critical improvement targets for which corresponding optimization strategies should be proposed. This could be applied to streamline resilience optimization paths according to local conditions. This paper provides new ideas and directions for dealing with the sustainable development of villages and the conservation of cultural landscapes. It will also help villages deal with the relationship between socio-economic development and the conservation of cultural landscapes.</div

Basic information of three GWVs.

The Great Wall Villages (GWVs) are linked to the Great Wall in history, culture, and ecology. The cultural landscape resilience of Great Wall Villages (CLRGWVs) is distinctly significant. However, it is influenced by urbanization, pollution, and a lack of awareness of cultural landscape protection. Therefore, conservation and development practices still lack scientific strategies and guidance. This study proposes a new assessment system to quantify CLRGWVs, an analysis of the main influencing factors of resilience, and optimization paths to maintain sustainable development. Based on the socio-ecological system, this research designed the assessment with three criteria, eleven factors, and thirty-three indexes from the perspective of CLRGWVs. Furthermore, a demonstration test was constructed in Ningyuanbao Village, Dushikou Village, and Longmensuo Village in Chicheng County, Hebei Province, China. The results showed that there is some disparity between the three GWVs, with the resilience score of Dushikou Village being the highest in terms of resistance and learning. In contrast, Ningyuanbao Village’s resilience score is the lowest since resistance, recovery, and learning capacity are lower than in Dushikou and Longmensuo. Some influencing factors were found to be highly related to adaptive capacity. Lastly, some low-resilience aspects were identified as critical improvement targets for which corresponding optimization strategies should be proposed. This could be applied to streamline resilience optimization paths according to local conditions. This paper provides new ideas and directions for dealing with the sustainable development of villages and the conservation of cultural landscapes. It will also help villages deal with the relationship between socio-economic development and the conservation of cultural landscapes.</div