435 research outputs found
Earth's rotation variability triggers explosive eruptions in subduction zones
The uneven Earth’s spinning has been reported to affect geological processes, i.e. tectonism, seismicity and volcanism, on a planetary scale. Here, we show that changes of the length of day (LOD) influence eruptive activity at subduction margins. Statistical analysis indicates that eruptions with volcanic explosivity index (VEI) ≥3 alternate along oppositely directed subduction zones as a function of whether the LOD increases or decreases. In particular, eruptions in volcanic arcs along contractional subduction zones, which are mostly E- or NE-directed, occur when LOD increases, whereas they are more frequent when LOD decreases along the opposite W- or SW-directed subduction zones that are rather characterized by upper plate extension and back-arc spreading. We find that the LOD variability determines a modulation of the horizontal shear stresses acting on the crust up to 0.4 MPa. An increase of the horizontal maximum stress in compressive regimes during LOD increment may favour the rupture of the magma feeder system wall rocks. Similarly, a decrease of the minimum horizontal stress in extensional settings during LOD lowering generates a larger differential stress, which may enhance failure of the magma-confining rocks. This asymmetric behaviour of magmatism sheds new light on the role of astronomical forces in the dynamics of the solid Earth
Fault dip vs shear stress gradient
In the brittle regime, faults tend to be oriented along an angle of about 30 relative to the principal stress direction. This empirical Andersonian observation is usually explained by the orientation of the stress tensor and the slope of the yield envelope defined by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, often called critical-stress theory, assuming frictional properties of the crustal rocks (friction coefficient = 0.6-0.8). However, why the slope has a given value? We suggest that the slope dip is constrained by the occurrence of the largest shear stress gradient along that inclination. High homogeneous shear stress, i.e., without gradients, may generate aseismic creep as for example in flat decollements, both along thrusts and low angle normal faults, whereas along ramps larger shear stress gradients determine greater energy accumulation and stick-slip behaviour with larger sudden seismic energy release. Further variability of the angle is due to variations of the internal friction and of the Poisson ratio, being related to different lithologies, anisotropies and pre-existing fractures and faults. Misaligned faults are justified to occur due to the local weaknesses in the crustal volume; however, having lower stress gradients along dip than the optimally-oriented ones, they have higher probability of being associated with lower seismogenic potential or even aseismic behavior
Normal fault earthquakes or graviquakes
Earthquakes are dissipation of energy throughout elastic waves. Canonically is the elastic energy
accumulated during the interseismic period. However, in crustal extensional settings, gravity is
the main energy source for hangingwall fault collapsing. Gravitational potential is about 100 times
larger than the observed magnitude, far more than enough to explain the earthquake. Therefore,
normal faults have a different mechanism of energy accumulation and dissipation (graviquakes) with
respect to other tectonic settings (strike-slip and contractional), where elastic energy allows motion
even against gravity. The bigger the involved volume, the larger is their magnitude. The steeper the
normal fault, the larger is the vertical displacement and the larger is the seismic energy released.
Normal faults activate preferentially at about 60° but they can be shallower in low friction rocks. In
low static friction rocks, the fault may partly creep dissipating gravitational energy without releasing
great amount of seismic energy. The maximum volume involved by graviquakes is smaller than the
other tectonic settings, being the activated fault at most about three times the hypocentre depth,
explaining their higher b-value and the lower magnitude of the largest recorded events. Having
different phenomenology, graviquakes show peculiar precursor
Horizontal mantle flow controls subduction dynamics
It is generally accepted that subduction is driven by downgoing-plate negative buoyancy. Yet plate age –the main control on buoyancy– exhibits little correlation with most of the present-day subduction velocities and slab dips. “West”-directed subduction zones are on average steeper (~65°) than “East”-directed (~27°). Also, a “westerly”-directed net rotation of the lithosphere relative to the mantle has been detected in the hotspot reference frame. Thus, the existence of an “easterly”-directed horizontal mantle wind could explain this subduction asymmetry, favouring steepening or lifting of slab dip angles. Here we test this hypothesis using high-resolution two-dimensional numerical thermomechanical models of oceanic plate subduction interacting with a mantle flow. Results show that when subduction polarity is opposite to that of the mantle flow, the descending slab dips subvertically and the hinge retreats, thus leading to the development of a back-arc basin. In contrast, concordance between mantle flow and subduction polarity results in shallow dipping subduction, hinge advance and pronounced topography of the overriding plate, regardless of their age-dependent negative buoyancy. Our results are consistent with seismicity data and tomographic images of subduction zones. Thus, our models may explain why subduction asymmetry is a common feature of convergent margins on Earth
Top driven asymmetric mantle convection
The role of decoupling in the low-velocity zone is crucial for understanding plate tectonics and mantle convection. Mantle convection models fail to integrate plate kinematics and thermodynamics of the mantle. In a first gross estimate, we computed at >300 km^3/yr the volume of the plates lost along subduction zones. Mass balance predicts that slabs are compensated by broad passive upwellings beneath oceans and continents, passively emerging at oceanic ridges and backarc basins. These may correspond to the broad low-wavespeed regions found in the upper mantle by tomography. However, west-directed slabs enter the mantle more than three times faster (~232 km^3/yr) than in the opposite east- or northeast-directed subduction zones (~74 km^3/yr). This difference is consistent with the westward drift of the outer shell relative to the underlying mantle, which accounts for the steep dip of west-directed slabs, the asymmetry between flanks of oceanic ridges, and the directions of ridge migration. The larger recycling volumes along west-directed subduction zones imply asymmetric cooling of the underlyingmantle and that there is an “easterly” directed component of the upwelling replacement mantle. In this model, mantle convection is tuned by polarized decoupling of the advecting and shearing upper boundary layer. Return mantleflow can result from passive volume balance rather than only by thermal buoyancy-driven upwelling
Hydrogeochemical changes before and during the 2016 Amatrice-Norcia seismic sequence (central Italy)
Seismic precursors are an as yet unattained frontier in earthquake studies. With the aim of making a
step towards this frontier, we present a hydrogeochemical dataset associated with the 2016 Amatrice- Norcia seismic sequence (central Apennines, Italy), developed from August 24th, with an Mw 6.0 event, and culminating on October 30th, with an Mw 6.5 mainshock. The seismic sequence occurred during a seasonal depletion of hydrostructures, and the four strongest earthquakes (Mw ≥ 5.5) generated an abrupt uplift of the water level, recorded up to 100 km away from the mainshock area. Monitoring a set of selected springs in the central Apennines, a few hydrogeochemical anomalies were observed months before the onset of the seismic swarm, including a variation of pH values and an increase of As, V, and Fe concentrations. Cr concentrations increased immediately after the onset of the seismic sequence. On November 2016, these elements recovered to their usual low concentrations. We interpret these geochemical anomalies as reliable seismic precursors for a dilational tectonic setting
Variable seismic responsiveness to stress perturbations along the shallow section of subduction zones. The role of different slip modes and implications for the stability of fault segments
Assessing the stability state of fault interfaces is a task of primary interest not only for seismic hazards, but also for understanding how the earthquake machine works. Nowadays it is well known that a relationship exists between slow and fast earthquakes;moreover, it is more and more evident that such a connection is quite diffuse all over the Earth. In this paper, we perform a spatial and temporal analysis of both geodetic and seismic—non-volcanic tremors, low-frequency events (LFEs), and regular earthquakes—time series. We focus on the relationship between the clustering of properties of the different kinds of seismicity and their response to stress perturbations. Earth tides and large earthquakes are used as a source of additional stress. Seismic activity hosted in the Cascadia subduction zone, Manawatu region in New Zealand, and Japan during the last two decades is considered. Our analysis suggests that tremors become more and more sensitive to Earthtide perturbations as the fault interface is seismically locked. Therefore, tremors and regular events show a similar response to tidal stress perturbations. This feature is also accompanied by relatively lower spatial and temporal coefficients of variation. A series of recordings by several GNSS stations along the Hikurangi Trench, North Island, New Zealand, and along the Nankai coasts in Japan is taken into account for studying how large thrust-faulting earthquakes affect silent events and geodetic signals and vice-versa. In the last section, a simple model for grasping a glimpse of the local stability condition of the Earth’s crust and for explaining previous observations is provided
Tidal modulation of plate motions
While mantle convection is a fundamental ingredient of geodynamics, the driving mechanism of plate tectonics
remains elusive. Are plates driven only from the thermal cooling of the mantle or are there further astronomical
forces acting on them? GPS measurements are now accurate enough that, on long baselines, both secular plate
motions and periodic tidal displacements are visible. The now >20 year-long space geodesy record of plate
motions allows a more accurate analysis of the contribution of the horizontal component of the body tide in
shifting the lithosphere. We review the data and show that lithospheric plates retain a non-zero horizontal
component of the solid Earth tidal waves and their speed correlates with tidal harmonics. High-frequency
semidiurnal Earth's tides are likely contributing to plate motions, but their residuals are still within the error of
the present accuracy of GNSS data. The low-frequency body tides rather show horizontal residuals equal to the
relative motion among plates, proving the astronomical input on plate dynamics. Plates move faster with nutation
cyclicities of 8.8 and 18.6 years that correlate to lunar apsides migration and nodal precession. The highfrequency
body tides are mostly buffered by the high viscosity of the lithosphere and the underlying mantle,
whereas low-frequency horizontal tidal oscillations are compatible with the relaxation time of the low-velocity
zone and can westerly drag the lithosphere over the asthenospheric mantle. Variable angular velocities among
plates are controlled by the viscosity anisotropies in the decoupling layer within the low-velocity zone. Tidal
oscillations also correlate with the seismic release
Global versus local clustering of seismicity. Implications with earthquake prediction
The estimation of the maximum expected magnitude is crucial for seismic hazard assessment. It is usually
inferred via Bayesian analysis; alternatively, the size of the largest possible event can be roughly obtained from
the extent of the seismogenic source and the depth of the brittle–ductile transition. However, the effectiveness
of the first approach is strongly limited by catalog completeness and the intensity of recorded seismicity, so that
it can be of practical use only for aftershocks, while the second is affected by extremely large uncertainties. In
this article, we investigate whether it may be possible to assess the magnitude of the largest event using some
statistical properties of seismic activity. Our analysis shows that, while local features are not appropriate for
modeling the emergence of peaks of seismicity, some global properties (e.g., the global coefficient of variation
of interevent times and the fractal dimension of epicenters) seem correlated with the largest magnitude. Unlike
several scientific articles suggest, the b-value of the Gutenberg–Richter law is not observed to have a predictive
power in this case, which can be explained in the light of heterogeneous tectonic settings hosting fault systems
with different extension
Diurnal and semidiurnal cyclicity of Radon (222Rn) in groundwater, Giardino Spring, Central Apennines, Italy
Understanding natural variations of Rn (222Rn) concentrations is the fundamental
prerequisite of using this radioactive gas as a tracer, or even precursor, of natural processes, including
earthquakes. In this work, Rn concentrations in groundwater were continuously measured over
a seven-month period, during 2017, in the Giardino Spring, Italy, together with groundwater levels
in a nearby well installed into a fractured regional aquifer. Data were processed to reduce noise,
and then analyzed to produce the Fourier spectra of Rn concentrations and groundwater levels.
These spectra were compared with the spectrum of tidal forces. Results showed that diurnal and
semidiurnal cycles of Rn concentrations, and filtered oscillations of groundwater levels, in the nearby
well, are correlated with solar and luni-solar components of tidal forces, and suggested no correlation
with the principal lunar components. Therefore, influencing factors linked to solar cycles, such as
daily oscillations of temperature and atmospheric pressure, and related rock deformations, may have
played a role in Rn concentrations and groundwater levels. An open question remains regarding the
correlation, which is documented elsewhere, of Rn concentrations and groundwater levels with the
lunar components of the solid Earth tides
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