Data_Sheet_1_Word Familiarity Modulated the Effects of Category Familiarity on Memory Performance.docx

<p>Previous studies have shown that prior knowledge can have both enhancing and detrimental effects on memory for relevant information. Few studies have explored the boundary conditions under which prior knowledge facilitates or interferes with memory processes. In addition, to what extent the effects of prior knowledge change over time is unclear. In this study, we addressed this question by separating category familiarity (i.e., prior conceptual knowledge) and stimulus familiarity at different retention intervals. Participants were tested with a recognition task after they learned four types of words, that is., familiar words from familiar categories (FwordFcate) and unfamiliar categories (FwordUcate) as well as unfamiliar words from familiar (UwordFcate) and unfamiliar categories (UwordUcate). The results showed a significant interaction between category familiarity and word familiarity, that is, unfamiliar words, but not familiar words, from familiar categories were remembered better than those from unfamiliar categories. The enhancing effect of category familiarity depended on the recollection process and remained stable over time. This study suggested that stimulus familiarity modulates the effects of category familiarity on memory performance, and clarified the boundary conditions for the effects of prior knowledge.</p

Synthesis of Fully Soluble Azomethine-Bridged Ladder-Type Poly(<i>p</i>-phenylenes) by Bischler−Napieralski Reaction

Synthesis of Fully Soluble Azomethine-Bridged Ladder-Type Poly(p-phenylenes) by Bischler−Napieralski Reactio

Spirobifluorene-Based Conjugated Polymers for Polymer Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage

A new alternating copolymer (<b>PSFDTBT</b>) based on spirobifluorene, thiophene, and benzothiadiazole units has been synthesized. <b>PSFDTBT</b> has an optical band gap of 1.97 eV with the low-lying HOMO energy level at −5.4 eV. The hole mobility of the pristine <b>PSFDTBT</b> film spin-cast from <i>o</i>-dichlorobenzene (DCB) solution is 7.26 × 10^–3 cm² V^–1 s^–1 with on/off ratios in the order of 10⁵. Polymer solar cell devices based on the blend films of <b>PSFDTBT</b> and PC₇₁BM show a high open-circuit voltage of 0.94 V and a power conversion efficiency of 4.6% without any post-treatment. All the device measurements were performed in air without encapsulation. This is the first report on spirobifluorene-based conjugated polymers used for polymer solar cells, demonstrating the great potential of spirobifluorene moiety as an electron-donating unit for the construction of main chain donor–acceptor alternating conjugated polymers for high performance polymer solar cells

A New Class of Conjugated Polymers Having Porphyrin, Poly(<i>p</i>-phenylenevinylene), and Fullerene Units for Efficient Electron Transfer

A series of new polymers containing porphyrin, poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV), and/or a pendant fullerene unit has been synthesized. The cyclic voltammetry showed us a good candidate for a photoinduced electron-transfer system. More important, the photocurrent measurement revealed an interesting phenomenon that the photocurrent increased with the contents of the fullerene in the polymers increased. SEM images displayed the aggregation superstructures of three polymers. Nanobriquetting, nanofiber, and hierarchical porous structure were observed, respectively. The results indicated that the axial coordination of metal porphyrin and Bipy was very important to control the aggregation morphologies of the polymers

Phenylethyne-Bridged Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Four metal-free organic dyes (Dye-1, Dye-2, Dye-3, and Dye-4) comprising a triphenylamine moiety as the electron donor, a cyanoacrylic acid or carboxylic acid moiety as the electron acceptor and anchoring groups, and phenylethyne as the bridge were designed at the molecular level and synthesized for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Their absorption spectra and electrochemical and photovoltaic properties were fully characterized, and the electron distribution with the different acceptors was calculated using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G level. All of these dyes performed as sensitizers for the DSSC test, and the cyanoacrylic acid Dye-4 showed an overall conversion efficiency of 3.61% (Jsc = 9.30 mA/cm2, Voc = 0.73 V, ff = 0.49) under AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW/cm2), which reached 79% with respect to that of an N719-based device fabricated under similar conditions. Meanwhile, the photovoltaic performance data of these phenylethyne-bridged dyes showed a higher open circuit voltage (0.70−0.79 V)

New Methanofullerenes Containing Amide as Electron Acceptor for Construction Photovoltaic Devices

Three new hydrogen bonding [60]methanofullerenes (PCB-t-BA, PCB-n-BA, and MPCB-t-BA) are synthesized, characterized, and presented for measurement of the photovoltaic properties. In comparison with the PCBM molecule, the ester group was substituted with n-butyric or t-butyric alkyl group in the two compounds. Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic devices (OPV) employing the methanofullerenes as acceptor were fabricated and optimized. An improvement of power conversion efficiencies (ηe) was observed upon application in P3HT/PCB-n-BA (ηe = 0.78%) BHJ OPV compared to P3HT/PCBM (ηe = 0.59%) without thermal annealing with the ratio of 1:1 by weight

9‑Arylidene‑9<i>H</i>‑Fluorene-Containing Polymers for High Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells

9-Arylidene-9<i>H</i>-fluorene containing donor–acceptor (D–A) alternating polymers <b>P1</b> and <b>P2</b> were synthsized and used for the fabrication of polymer solar cells (PSCs). High and low molecular weight <b>P1</b> (<b>HMW-P1</b> and <b>LMW-P1</b>) and high molecular weight <b>P2</b> were prepared to study the influence of molecular weight and the position of alkoxy chains on the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. <b>HMW-P1</b>:PC₇₁BM-based PSCs fabricated from 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) solutions showed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.26%, while <b>LMW-P1</b>:PC₇₁BM-based PSCs showed poor photovoltaic performance with a PCE of only 2.75%. PCE of <b>HMW-P1</b>:PC₇₁BM-based PSCs was further increased to 6.52% with the addition of 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) as the additive. Meanwhile, PCE of only 2.51% was obtained for <b>P2</b>:PC₇₁BM-based PSCs. The results indicated that the position of alkoxy substituents on the 9-arylidene-9H-fluorene unit and the molecular weight of polymers are very crucial to the photovoltaic performance of PSCs

4‑Alkyl-3,5-difluorophenyl-Substituted Benzodithiophene-Based Wide Band Gap Polymers for High-Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells

Two novel polymers <b>PTFBDT-BZS</b> and <b>PTFBDT-BZO</b> with 4-alkyl-3,5-difluorophenyl substituted benzodithiophene as the donor unit, benzothiadiazole or benzooxadiazole as the acceptor unit, and thiophene as the spacer have been synthesized and used as donor materials for polymer solar cells (PSCs). These two polymers exhibited wide optical band gaps of about 1.8 eV. PSCs with the blend of <b>PTFBDT-BZS</b>:PC₇₁BM (1:2, by weight) as the active layer fabricated without using any processing additive and any postannealing treatment showed power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.24% with an open circuit voltage (<i>V</i>_oc) of 0.89 V, a short circuit current (<i>J</i>_sc) of 12.67 mA/cm², and a fill factor (<i>FF</i>) of 0.73 under AM 1.5G illumination, indicating that <b>PTFBDT-BZS</b> is a very promising donor polymer for PSCs. The blend of <b>PTFBDT-BZO</b>:PC₇₁BM showed a lower PCE of 5.67% with a <i>V</i>_oc of 0.96 V, a <i>J</i>_sc of 9.24 mA/cm², and an FF of 0.64. One reason for the lower PCE is probably due to that <b>PTFBDT-BZO</b> has a smaller LUMO offset with PC₇₁BM, which cannot provide enough driving force for charge separation. And another reason is probably due to that <b>PTFBDT-BZO</b> has a lower hole mobility in comparison with <b>PTFBDT-BZS</b>

Dibenzothiophene-Based Planar Conjugated Polymers for High Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells

Three D–A alternating copolymers <b>P1–3</b> with 3,7-linked 2,8-bis­(alkoxy)­dibenzothiophene as the donor unit and benzothiadiazole (<b>P1</b> and <b>P2</b>) or 3,4-bis­(octyloxy)­benzothiadiazole (<b>P3</b>) as the acceptor unit have been designed and synthesized. <b>P1–3</b> show two broad absorption peaks in the visible region, and the internal charge transfer (ICT) absorptions at about 530 nm in solutions and 560 nm in films of <b>P3</b> are much stronger than that of <b>P1</b> and <b>P2</b>. All the polymers show narrow band gaps below 2.0 eV and the low-lying HOMO energy levels of approximately −5.30 eV. The hole mobilities of polymer films spin-cast from 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) solutions are 3.0 × 10^–4, 2.7 × 10^–4, and 2.3 × 10^–3 cm² V^–1 s^–1 for <b>P1</b>, <b>P2</b>, and <b>P3</b>, respectively. Under simulated solar illumination of AM 1.5G (100 mW/cm²), a PCE of 4.48% with a <i>V</i>_oc of 0.83 V, a <i>J</i>_sc of 9.30 mA/cm², and an FF of 0.58 has been achieved for PSCs with the <b>P3</b>:PC₇₁BM blend (1:3, by weight) as the active layer in simply processed devices, whereas after the optimization, PCEs of only 1.02% and 1.71% have been obtained for <b>P1-</b> and <b>P2-</b>based devices, respectively. This is the first report on dibenzothiophene-based conjugated polymers used for high efficiency polymer solar cells, demonstrating that photovoltaic performance can be improved by fine-tuning the conjugated polymer structure