R. v. Oakes 1986-1997: Back to the Drawing Board

The Supreme Court of Canada, in R. v. Oakes, identified two standards of justification in applying section 1. The first standard was normative. The second was methodological, called the Oakes test. The Court, until recently, applied the Oakes test mechanically and avoided the normative standard. More recently, in Egan v. Canada and RJR-MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (A.G.), it resorted to a normative analysis that is indeterminate and unpredictable. This article challenges both the mechanical application of the Oakes test and the Court\u27s new normative approach. It proposes, and illustrates, a preferable alternative that is both determinate and predictable. It is supported by appendices that analyze section 1 cases between 1986 and 1997

Novel periodic alternating tangential filtration harvest approach provides incresed volumetric productivity

Perfusion cell culture processes provide opportunities to increase product yield through improved cell growth, increased productivity and extended process duration. Most commonly, perfusion cell culture also leads to a continuous harvest operation and collection of harvested cell culture fluid to be processed downstream. As an alternative to continuous harvest, we evaluated instead a periodic harvest approach applied to a non-steady state perfusion cell culture process using alternative tangential flow (ATF). In this ATF perfusion process, product is first accumulated in the bioreactor using ultrafiltration for 15 days with the product then being harvested by microfiltration at end of the process. To further extend the culture time beyond 15 days and maximize productivity, we investigated a sequence of five periodic harvests from a single upstream bioreactor run. The periodic harvests were achieved using an ATF configuration in which ultrafiltration and microfiltration hollow fiber filters were stacked in series (Figure 1). The ultrafiltration hollow fiber retains the product while the microfiltration filter allows product to be collected in the permeate. Permeate was only drawn from the microfiltration filter during the periodic harvest cycles while the permeate was drawn from the ultrafiltration filter during the none harvest cycle periods. This allowed for the accumulation of product in the bioreactor between the periodic harvests. Five harvest cycles were conducted over a 24-day perfusion process. Each harvest cycle was collected for a day with the first harvest cycle starting on day 11. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Competition in the 1990s

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154101/1/cole-competition1994.pd

2015 ASME Design Competition - Group III Final Report

The 2015 ASME Challenge was to construct a device which manufactures a projectile from a piece of copy paper then launches it as far as possible. At the competition, each team has five minutes to assemble their machine, craft three projectiles and fire them for a cumulative distance. In addition to launching paper projectiles as far as possible, the machines must also be designed to take up as little space as possible while still performing its main function effectively. A team’s final score is the ratio of the cumulative distance of all three projectiles to the volume of a box used to transport their machine

Role of complement in neuronal cell turnover in the central nervous system

Complement (C) activation and neuronal apoptosis occur in areas of active pathology in both neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease. Little is currently known about how these two processes interact, and whether this causes further damage or promotes resolution and repair. The hypothesis of this thesis was that C modulates neuronal cell turnover in the central nervous system, with particular emphasis on its role in modulating apoptosis and handling of apoptotic cell debris. I have shown that apoptotic cells activated C more readily than controls, a change mediated via cleavage of CD46 from the cell membrane by matrix metalloproteases this resulted in increased phagocytosis and, in the early stages, increased C-mediated lysis, followed at later time points by decreased C-mediated killing. Cells surviving the apoptotic insult were also more resistant to C-mediated killing. CD59 was shed from apoptotic cells on blebs and as a soluble form, but cell surface levels were maintained late into apoptosis. The second part of the thesis examined the role of the C membrane attack complex (MAC) in modulating neuronal cell death. A reactive lysis system was developed, and neuronal cells were shown to possess recovery mechanisms on sublytic MAC attack. Neuronal cells subject to sublytic C displayed induced protection to lytic C, and this was shown to be MAC-independent. No effect of sublytic C was seen on neuronal apoptosis. The last part of the thesis used a kainic acid model of excitotoxicity in rats, and showed that the presence of the MAC did not have a significant role in modulating neuronal apoptotic death, but may have a role in sensitisation to seizures. Apoptotic neurons bound more C activation products and also stained brightly for CD59. These results demonstrate that C plays an important role in determining apoptotic cell fate, and when present at sublytic levels may promote neuronal survival and facilitate repair

054— Introducing Young Minds to Topics in Neuroscience

The Applications in Neuroscience (NEUR 215) course allows SUNY Geneseo neuroscience majors to share their knowledge and interests with local elementary-aged children through a partnership with the local R-Kids program. R-Kids is an afterschool program that provides children with homework tutors and interactive enrichment activities. Due to COVID-19, NEUR 215 activities were entirely online and designed to be done virtually by the children at home. Activities were designed to increase interest in STEM-related fields, particularly neuroscience. Topics covered during the enrichment sessions included the neurons’ anatomy, neurotransmitters, learning, memory, brain health, and brain safety. These topics were covered through Google slides by providing brief and age-appropriate information. After covering the topics, interactive activities ensued, such as the egg-drop, virtual memory games, and kahoots. The children, across three sessions, were engaged and remembered many topics as shown during the end-of-class jeopardy game. Neuroscience students began the semester with little if any experience lesson planning for children, but quickly learned skills for making enrichments effective and efficient. All students felt that over the course of the semester, they had stimulated the children’s interest in neuroscience and perhaps also motivated their educational futures

Freeing Energy Data: A Guide for Regulators to Reduce One Barrier to Residential Energy Efficiency

This report advocates for improving entrepreneurs' access to residential energy-use data, thereby increasing the deployment of cost-effective energy-efficiency measures, generating saving and improving the environment. While this report does discuss policy, its focus is on informing policy makers on how to address liability, consumer privacy, and administrative concerns that could arise when third parties receive energy-use data from utilities. What makes this report novel compared to other efforts is that it provides model language for laws or rules that lawmakers or regulators can use as building blocks to open up access to energy data

Identifying and Planning for Individualized Change: Patient-Provider Collaboration Using Lightweight Food Diaries in Healthy Eating and Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Identifying and planning strategies that support a healthy lifestyle or manage a chronic disease often require patient-provider collaboration. For example, people with healthy eating goals often share everyday food, exercise, or sleep data with health coaches or nutritionists to find opportunities for change, and patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often gather food and symptom data as part of working with providers to diagnose and manage symptoms. However, a lack of effective support often prevents health experts from reviewing large amounts of data in time-constrained visits, prevents focusing on individual goals, and prevents generating correct, individualized, and actionable recommendations. To examine how to design photo-based diaries to help people and health experts exchange knowledge and focus on collaboration goals when reviewing the data together, we designed and developed Foodprint, a photo-based food diary. Foodprint includes three components: (1) A mobile app supporting lightweight data collection, (2) a web app with photo-based visualization and quantitative visualizations supporting collaborative reflection, and (3) a pre-visit note communicating an individuals expectations and questions to experts. We deployed Foodprint in two studies: (1) with 17 people with healthy eating goals and 7 health experts, and (2) with 16 IBS patients and 8 health experts. Building upon the lens of boundary negotiating artifacts and findings from two field studies, our research contributes design principles to (1) prepare individuals to collect data relevant to their health goals and for collaboration, (2) help health experts focus on an individuals eating context, experiences, and goals in collaborative review, and (3) support individuals and experts to develop individualized, actionable plans and strategies

Boundary Negotiating Artifacts in Personal Informatics: Patient-Provider Collaboration with Patient-Generated Data.

Patient-generated data is increasingly common in chronic disease care management. Smartphone applications and wearable sensors help patients more easily collect health information. However, current commercial tools often do not effectively support patients and providers in collaboration surrounding these data. This paper examines patient expectations and current collaboration practices around patient-generated data. We survey 211 patients, interview 18 patients, and re-analyze a dataset of 21 provider interviews. We find that collaboration occurs in every stage of self-tracking and that patients and providers create boundary negotiating artifacts to support the collaboration. Building upon current practices with patient-generated data, we use these theories of patient and provider collaboration to analyze misunderstandings and privacy concerns as well as identify opportunities to better support these collaborations. We reflect on the social nature of patient-provider collaboration to suggest future development of the stage-based model of personal informatics and the theory of boundary negotiating artifacts