A Picture Is Worth… Both Spelling and Sound

In an event-related potential (ERP) study using picture stimuli, we explored whether spelling information is co-activated with sound information even when neither type of information is explicitly provided. Pairs of picture stimuli presented in a rhyming paradigm were varied by both phonology (the two images in a pair had either rhyming, e.g., boat and goat, or non-rhyming, e.g., boat and cane, labels) and orthography (rhyming image pairs had labels that were either spelled the same, e.g., boat and goat, or not spelled the same, e.g., brain and cane). Electrophysiological picture rhyming (sound) effects were evident in terms of both N400/N450 and late effect amplitude: Non-rhyming images elicited more negative waves than rhyming images. Remarkably, the magnitude of the late ERP rhyming effect was modulated by spelling – even though words were neither explicitly seen nor heard during the task. Moreover, both the N400/N450 and late rhyming effects in the spelled-the-same (orthographically matched) condition were larger in the group with higher scores (by median split) on a standardized measure of sound awareness. Overall, the findings show concomitant meaning (semantic), sound (phonological), and spelling (orthographic) activation for picture processing in a rhyming paradigm, especially in young adults with better reading skills. Not outwardly lexical but nonetheless modulated by reading skill, electrophysiological picture rhyming effects may be useful for exploring co-activation in children with dyslexia

Alfabetización emergente: sentar las bases para aprender a leer

Els fonaments neuronals i conductuals per aprendre a llegir són molt abans de l’inici de l’escolarització formal. En els llenguatges alfabètics, l’alfabetització emergent (les habilitats, el coneixement i les actituds que són precursors del desenvolupament per aprendre a llegir) involucra molts components, que inclouen:-Llenguatge oral; les xarxes neuronals per al processament del llenguatge comencen a desenvolupar-se prenatalment. -Consciència fonològica (sensibilitat a l’estructura sonora del llenguatge parlat); els nadons tenen increïbles habilitats de discriminació del so de la parla que els adults no tenen. -Impressió de consciència; l’exposició primerenca a la impressió ambiental és important. -Coneixement de lletres; els sistemes de processament visual neuronal s’han de modificar a mesura que els infants aprenen lletres. -Lectura interactiva de llibres; una important experiència prèvia a la lectura per dret propi que involucra molts altres components de l’alfabetització emergent. La cura i l’educació de la primera infància és una preocupació clau per a les parts interessades a l’educació en termes d’alfabetització emergent.The neural and behavioral foundations for learning to read are put into place well before the start of formal schooling.In alphabetic languages, emergent literacy – the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental precursors to learning to read – involves many components, including:-Oral language; neural networks for language processing begin to develop prenatally- -Phonological awareness (sensitivity to the sound structure of spoken language); infants have amazing speech sound discrimination abilities that adults do not. -Print awareness; early exposure to environmental print is important. -Letter knowledge; neural visual processing systems must be modified as children learn letters. -Interactive book reading; an important prereading experience in its own right that involves many other components of emergent literacy. Early childhood care and education is a key concern for education stakeholders in terms of emergent literacy.Los fundamentos neuronales y conductuales para aprender a leer se establecen mucho antes del inicio de la escolarización formal.En los lenguajes alfabéticos, la alfabetización emergente (las habilidades, el conocimiento y las actitudes que son precursores del desarrollo para aprender a leer) involucra muchos componentes, que incluyen:-Lenguaje oral. Las redes neuronales para el procesamiento del lenguaje comienzan a desarrollarse prenatalmente. -Conciencia fonológica (sensibilidad a la estructura sonora del lenguaje hablado). Los bebés tienen increíbles habilidades de discriminación del sonido del habla que los adultos no tienen. -Impresión de conciencia. La exposición temprana a la impresión ambiental es importante -Conocimiento de letras. Los sistemas de procesamiento visual neuronal deben modificarse a medida que los niños aprenden letras. -Lectura interactiva de libros. Una importante experiencia previa a la lectura por derecho propio que involucra muchos otros componentes de la alfabetización emergente. El cuidado y la educación de la primera infancia es una preocupación clave para las partes interesadas en la educación en términos de alfabetización emergente

Table_1_A Picture Is Worth… Both Spelling and Sound.DOCX

In an event-related potential (ERP) study using picture stimuli, we explored whether spelling information is co-activated with sound information even when neither type of information is explicitly provided. Pairs of picture stimuli presented in a rhyming paradigm were varied by both phonology (the two images in a pair had either rhyming, e.g., boat and goat, or non-rhyming, e.g., boat and cane, labels) and orthography (rhyming image pairs had labels that were either spelled the same, e.g., boat and goat, or not spelled the same, e.g., brain and cane). Electrophysiological picture rhyming (sound) effects were evident in terms of both N400/N450 and late effect amplitude: Non-rhyming images elicited more negative waves than rhyming images. Remarkably, the magnitude of the late ERP rhyming effect was modulated by spelling – even though words were neither explicitly seen nor heard during the task. Moreover, both the N400/N450 and late rhyming effects in the spelled-the-same (orthographically matched) condition were larger in the group with higher scores (by median split) on a standardized measure of sound awareness. Overall, the findings show concomitant meaning (semantic), sound (phonological), and spelling (orthographic) activation for picture processing in a rhyming paradigm, especially in young adults with better reading skills. Not outwardly lexical but nonetheless modulated by reading skill, electrophysiological picture rhyming effects may be useful for exploring co-activation in children with dyslexia.</p