Bispectral (BIS) value during the dexmedetomidine/propofol sedation procedure.

<p>Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. *<i>P<</i> 0.05, ***<i>P <</i>0.001. WA, wakefulness; MS, moderate sedation; DS, deep sedation; RS, recovery state (RS).</p

Changes in a raw EEG trace of dexmedetomidine sedation and propofol sedation from channel Fz.

<p>WA, wakefulness; MS, moderate sedation; DS, deep sedation; RS, recovery state (RS). During MS and DS, the EEG differences between the two agents are obvious.</p

Experimental paradigm.

<p>Volunteers underwent Bispectral monitoring and EEG recording during each of the four experimental sessions: wakefulness, moderate sedation (OAA/S = 3), deep sedation (OAA/S = 1), and recovery (OAA/S = 5). Dexmedetomidine or propofol was administered intravenously and titrated to achieve the required sedation level.</p

Spectral analysis of EEG from channel Fz for both dexmedetomidine sedation and propofol sedation.

<p>(A-B) Mean power spectra of WA (red), MS (green), DS (blue) and RS (black) for the two agents. (C-D) The green line represents the bootstrapped mean spectra of the difference between MS and WA for the two agents, and the gray space represents the bootstrapped 95% confidence interval bounds for the difference. (E-F) The blue line represents the bootstrapped mean spectra of the difference between DS and WA for the two agents, and the gray space represents the bootstrapped 95% confidence interval bounds for the difference. (G-H) The black line represents the bootstrapped mean spectra of the difference between RS and WA for the two agents, and the gray space represents the bootstrapped 95% confidence interval bounds for the difference. (I-J) The blue line represents the bootstrapped mean spectra of the difference between DS and MS for the two agents, and the gray space represents the bootstrapped 95% confidence interval bounds for the difference. The horizontal solid red lines represent the frequency ranges at which significant differences exist between each sedation state and WA, and the solid green lines represent the frequency ranges at which significant differences exist between DS and MS. WA, wakefulness; MS, moderate sedation; DS, deep sedation; RS, recovery state (RS).</p

Comparisons of ReHo from different brain areas between waking and m-PIS states.

<p>Comparisons of ReHo from different brain areas between waking and m-PIS states.</p

Comparisons of ReHo from different brain areas between sleep and m-PIS states.

<p>Comparisons of ReHo from different brain areas between sleep and m-PIS states.</p

ReHo of different brain regions between sleep (N = 11) and m-PIS (N = 12) (two sample t-test, <i>P</i><0.01, cluster size>19).

<p>The blue regions represent significantly increased ReHo values and red regions represented significantly decreased ReHo values in m-PIS state compared to sleep state. Color indicates t values.</p

Comparisons of physiological variables in wake, m-PIS and d-PIS states (N = 12).

<p>There were no significant differences in HR, SpO2, PetCO2 between states, but significant differences in MAP between wake and d-PIS states (repeated-measures ANOVA, * P<0.01, compared with wake state). HR, heart rate; SpO2, oxyhemoglobin saturation; MAP, mean artery pressure; PetCO2, end-tidal carbon dioxide.</p

Comparisons of ReHo from different brain areas between sleep and d-PIS states.

<p>Comparisons of ReHo from different brain areas between sleep and d-PIS states.</p

Comparisons of ReHo from different brain areas between waking and d-PIS states.

<p>Comparisons of ReHo from different brain areas between waking and d-PIS states.</p