Additional file 1 of Blocking group 2 innate lymphoid cell activation and macrophage M2 polarization: potential therapeutic mechanisms in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma by calycosin

Supplementary Material

Bacterial diversity and functional characteristics of natural rainwater lakes in Saihanba artificial forest farm as revealed by 16S rRNA sequencing

The Saihanba Mechanical Forest is an artificial national forest park with a forest-steppe landscape. The flora and fauna have been extensively studied, but a comprehensive understanding of the bacterial community composition and structure of the natural rainwater lakes present in the area has rarely been reported. In this study, the structure and functional characteristics of bacterial communities in lake sediments and water samples in the Saihanba artificial forest were investigated using 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Microbial diversity analyses revealed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidota and Verrucomicrobiota microbiota dominated. The abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota was significantly higher (p < .05) in water samples compared to sediment samples. PICRUSt2 functional analysis predicted genes associated with the degradation of xenobiotics and the execution of essential metabolic processes. Here, we report differences in the composition of native bacterial communities in sediments and water under the Saihanba artificial forest and make functional gene predictions. This study provides a reference for further exploring the structure and functional characteristics of microbial communities in water samples and sediment environments of lakes under planted forests.</p

Inflammasome-Derived Exosomes Activate NF-κB Signaling in Macrophages

Exosomes are secreted small vesicles that mediate various biological processes, such as tumorigenesis and immune response. However, whether the inflammasome signaling leads to the change of constituent of exosomes and its roles in immune response remains to be determined. We isolated the exosomes from macrophages with treatment of mock, endotoxin, or endotoxin/nigericin. A label-free quantification method by MS/MS was used to identify the components of exosomes. In total, 2331 proteins were identified and 513 proteins were exclusively detected in exosomes with endotoxin and nigericin treatment. The differentially expressed proteins were classified by Gene Ontology and KEGG pathways. The immune response-related proteins and signaling pathways were specifically enriched in inflammasome-derived exosomes. Moreover, we treated macrophages with the exosomes from different stimulation. We found that inflammasome-derived exosomes directly activate NF-κB signaling pathway, while the control or endotoxin-derived exosomes have no effect. The inflammatory signaling was amplified in neighbor cells in an exosome-dependent way. The inflammasome-derived exosomes might be used to augment the immune response in disease treatment, and preventing the transfer of these exosomes might ameliorate autoimmune diseases