Stand density of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> (a), total basal area of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> (b), stand density of other conifers (c), total basal area of other conifers (d), stand density of broadleaves (e), total basal area of broadleaves (f) of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> and other conifers (<i>Abies</i> and <i>Picea</i> and <i>Larix</i>) and broadleaf trees (broadleaves) in the ten sites (from left to right: Kuandian, Dongsheng, Liangshui, Shengshan and Changbai from A to F) observed under current condition and modeled under current climate and under +2°C and +10% precipitation scenario and under +4°C and +10% precipitation scenario (using the currently observed MeanDBH_Pinus values).

<p>Stand density of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> (a), total basal area of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> (b), stand density of other conifers (c), total basal area of other conifers (d), stand density of broadleaves (e), total basal area of broadleaves (f) of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> and other conifers (<i>Abies</i> and <i>Picea</i> and <i>Larix</i>) and broadleaf trees (broadleaves) in the ten sites (from left to right: Kuandian, Dongsheng, Liangshui, Shengshan and Changbai from A to F) observed under current condition and modeled under current climate and under +2°C and +10% precipitation scenario and under +4°C and +10% precipitation scenario (using the currently observed MeanDBH_Pinus values).</p

Structure and composition of Gmelin larch forests in different sites.

<p>Values represent mean ± standard error (n = 3). Different letters in each column indicate significant differences among sites (post-Duncan test, P<0.05).</p

Matrix of two-tailed partial correlation coefficients between every dependent variable and the independent variables excluded from its model, controlling for the independent variable(s) included in its model.

<p>“–” indicates controlling for that variable. Significance level:^NS (Non-significant) P>0.05.</p><p>*P<0.05.</p><p>**P<0.01 (n = 30).</p

Composition and structure of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> mixed forests in different sites.

<p>Values represent mean ± standard error (n = 3). Different letters in each column indicate significant differences among sites (post-Duncan test, P<0.05).</p

Matrix of two-tailed partial correlation coefficients between every included dependent variable and the independent variables excluded from its model, controlling for the independent variable(s) included in its model.

<p>“–” indicates controlling for that variable. Significance level:^NS Non-significant (P>0.05), *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (n = 12).</p

Location of study sites in Northeast China.

<p>Location of study sites in Northeast China.</p

Climatic variables of Gmelin larch forests in different sites.

<p>Values represent mean ± standard error (n = 3). TempWarmestQuarter, TempColdestQuarter, PrecipWarmestQuarter and PrecipColdestQuarter are exactly the same as TempWettestQuarter, TempDriestQuarter, PrecipWettestQuarter and PrecipDriestQuarter in the sites.</p

Variables and their abbreviations used in the study.

<p>Variables and their abbreviations used in the study.</p

Linear regression relationships between the simulated (n = 3, mean with standard error) and observed (mean of each site) values of StandDensity_Pinus (No. ha⁻¹; a), StandDensity_{Acer-Fraxinus} (No. ha⁻¹; b), StandDensity_Quercus (No. ha⁻¹; c), StandDensity_Ulmus (No.ha⁻¹; d), StandDensity_Betula (No.ha⁻¹; e), StandDensity_Abies-Picea (No. ha⁻¹; f), StandDensity_Larix (No. ha⁻¹; g), BasalArea_Pinus (m² ha⁻¹; h), BasalArea_{Acer-Fraxinus} (m² ha⁻¹; i), BasalArea_Quercus (m² ha⁻¹; j), BasalArea_Ulmus (m² ha⁻¹; k), BasalArea_Betula (m² ha⁻¹; l), BasalArea_Abies-Picea (m² ha⁻¹; m) and BasalArea_Larix (m² ha⁻¹; n) in <i>Pinus kora

<p>Significance level: ^NS(Non-significant)P>0.05, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.</p

Location of study sites in Heilongjiang Province of Northeast China.

<p>Location of study sites in Heilongjiang Province of Northeast China.</p