More traversable corridors and least-cost paths among extant populations of Przewalski’s gazelle.

<p>Four pairs of corridors and least-cost paths, GZ-HG (A), SG-KM (B), KT-SI (C) and HD-KT (D), were considered traversable if we set the cost value of the least-cost path HD-KT as a threshold for inter-patch dispersal. </p

Less traversable corridors and least-cost paths among extant populations of Przewalski’s gazelle.

<p>Five pairs of corridors and least-cost paths, HG-TL (A), HD-YZ (B), GZ-TL (C), WY-RQ (D) and SI-GZ (E), were considered less traversable if we set the cost value of the least-cost path HD-KT as a threshold for inter-patch dispersal. A photo of the newborn Przewalski’s gazlle found in SG was displayed in panel F.</p

Habitat suitability map with extant and potential habitat patches of Przewalski’s gazelle.

<p>Przewalski’s gazelle are currently constrained in twelve isolated habitat remnants: Yuanzhe (YZ), Hudong (HD), Ketu (KT), Sand Island (SI), Ganzihe (GZ), Hargai (HG), Taliexuanguo (TL), Bird Island (BI), Kuairma (KM), Shengge (SG), Wayu (WY) and Ranquhu (RQ). The suitability scores range from one to ten, representing increasing habitat quality or movement resistance. Lakes in light blue and high mountains (> 4 000 m in elevation) in grey are avoided by the gazelle.</p

The role of mafic microgranular enclaves in the generation of Early Cretaceous granitic rocks of SE China: evidence from zircon U–Pb geochronology, geochemistry, and Hf isotopic data for the Liangnong pluton, eastern Zhejiang Province

<p>In order to constrain the timing and petrogenesis of both the hosting rocks and the inner mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) of the Liangnong pluton, SE China, we have performed a series of bulk-rock geochemistry, zircon U–Pb, and Hf isotopic analysis, respectively. Zircon laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry U–Pb isotopic analysis yielded ages of 106.3 ± 1.1 Ma for the granodiorite and 103.9 ± 1.6 to 105 ± 1.8 Ma for monzogranite phases within the hosting pluton, as well as an age of 104.7 ± 0.8 Ma for the associated MMEs. The host rocks are metaluminous, have A/CNK values of 0.91–1.09, contain relatively high concentrations of SiO₂ and K₂O, are enriched in Rb, Th, Ba, Zr, and Hf, are depleted of Sr, P, Ti, Nd, and Ta, contain high concentrations of the rare earth elements (REE) and the light REE, and have moderately negative Eu anomalies (Eu*/Eu = 0.6–0.8). In comparison, the MMEs contain high concentrations of Al₂O₃, FeO, MgO, and TiO₂, are relatively enriched in Ba, U, and Sr, and are depleted in Th, Nd, and Zr. They have lower total REE concentrations and higher Eu*/Eu values than the hosting granites. The zircons within the hosting granites have Hf crustal model ages (T_DM^C) that show a peak at 1.29–1.85 Ga. Zircons within the MMEs have different εHf(t) values (–3.7 to +4.9) than the zircons within the hosting granites (–10.8 to –1.9). The results indicate that the MMEs and the hosting granites crystallized from magmas with different sources, thereby showing that the Early Cretaceous magmatism in the coastal areas of SE China was generated by the widespread injection of mantle-derived magmas caused by rollback of the subducting palaeo-Pacific Plate.</p

Neutral task vs. Temporal task by comparing long interval trials.

<p>Sliced section results are shown at a threshold of uncorrected <i>p</i><0.01. (A) left Prefrontal cortex, medial CC, SMA and right Prefrontal cortex. (B) bilateral insula, thalamus and putamen. For C–H, gray represents temporal task vs. control task and black represents neutral task vs. control task. The error bar represents the standard error (SE). Non-parametric comparisons results are shown in the bar graphs (*: <i>p</i><0.05, **: p<0.005).</p

Table_3_The Influence of Self-Referential Processing on Attentional Orienting in Frontoparietal Networks.DOCX

<p>Self-referential processing refers to the processing of information relevant to oneself and plays an important role in cognition. Behavioral studies have shown that directional cue stimuli have a qualitatively different function during attentional orienting after presentation of the cue associated with the self. However, it is necessary to determine how neural activity is influenced by self-referential processing during attentional orienting. The present study involved establishing an association between non-predictive arrow cues and the “self” during a training task and then investigating the influence of self-referential processing on neural activity during attentional orienting. Enhanced neural activity was observed in cortical midline structures (CMS) during the use of self- vs. neutral-arrow cues, which suggests that the arrow associated with the “self” triggered self-referential processing during attentional orienting due to the experiences of the participant in the training task. Comparison of obtained under the incongruent and congruent conditions revealed a qualitative difference in neural activities between the self- and neutral-arrow cues associated with attentional orienting. Furthermore, when the neutral-arrow cue was treated as a baseline condition, neural activity was reduced in the frontoparietal attention networks by self-referential processing under the incongruent condition, but it was enhanced under the congruent condition. Thus, the stimulus modulated subsequent attentional neural processes after being associated with the self as a cue, which indicates that this process may be triggered by self-reference to automatically and effectively capture information. Our findings extend those of previous behavioral studies of neural activity, suggesting that directional cues were qualitatively influenced by self-referential processing, and showed different functions during attentional orienting. Moreover, the present study provides important evidence of how self-referential processing affects attentional orienting in the frontoparietal network.</p><p>Highlights-</p><p>Enhanced activity was observed in CMS due to self-referential processing.</p>-<p>The influence of self-referential processing differed in the frontoparietal network.</p>-<p>Activity was enhanced by self-referential processing under the congruent condition.</p>-<p>Activity was reduced by self-referential processing under the incongruent condition.</p><p></p

Percentage time spent vigilant as a function of flock size of the hooded crane in the core area A) and the buffer zone B) of the Shengjin Lake NNR, China.

<p>Percentage time spent vigilant as a function of flock size of the hooded crane in the core area A) and the buffer zone B) of the Shengjin Lake NNR, China.</p

Activations analyzed by the main effects of auditory attention.

<p>Significant activations at an uncorrected threshold of p<0.01. The approximate anatomical regions and Brodmann areas are from the Talairach atlas, and the x, y, and z coordinates are from the SPM5. Abbreviations are as follows: SPL - Superior Parietal Lobe, IPL - Inferior Parietal Lobe, STG - Superior Temporal Gyrus, MTG - Middle Temporal Gyrus, SFG - Superior Frontal Gyrus, IFG - Inferior Frontal Gyrus, CC - Cingulate Cortex, PFG - Prefrontal Gyrus, MFG - Middle Frontal Gyrus, R - right hemisphere, L - left hemisphere, and M - bilateral hemisphere.</p

Experimental paradigm and stimuli.

<p>A. A flowchart of an individual trial. In this example, the visual spatial cue indicates spatial information but provides no information about the cue–target interval. The cue was lit for 100 ms, and following the appropriate cue–target interval (600 or 1,800 ms), the auditory target was presented for 50 ms. B. Central cues used in the experimental task. The spatial cue was used in the spatial attention tasks. As the stimulus, the right or left half of the cube was lit to provide the subjects information concerning the target location (i.e., right or left). The temporal cue was used in the temporal attention tasks. When the target came within a short cue–target interval, the inner circle was lit; when it came after a long cue–target interval, the outer circle was lit. The neutral cue was used in the control tasks and provided neither spatial nor temporal information. A double ‘A’ in the center of the cue indicated a visual experiment. C. Either the left half or the right half of the inner circle would turn white during the control task, and participants would press the reaction key when the white half round turned to white. RT was not required.</p

Solubilities of 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrin and 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrin Manganese(III) Chloride in Binary Ethanol + Water Solvent Mixtures

The solubilities of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin manganese­(III) chloride (TPPMnCl) in binary ethanol + water solvent mixtures at (303.2 to 333.2) K were determined at atmospheric pressure. The solubility of TPPMnCl in ethanol + water solvent mixtures is much larger than that of TPP. The effects of temperature and mass fraction of ethanol in the solvent mixtures on the solubilities were studied. It was found that the solvent composition has a significant influence on solubility. The solubility of TPP increases apparently with the increasing temperature for a certain solvent composition; however, the solubility of TPPMnCl only slightly increases with the increase of temperature at constant composition. The experimental data were correlated with the Nývlt equation, and good agreement between the experimentally determined and the correlated solubilities was obtained. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters including dissolution enthalpy, dissolution entropy, isobaric heat capacity, and Gibbs free energy of TPP and TPPMnCl in ethanol + water mixtures were calculated by the Clark–Glew equation