Data_Sheet_2_Epichloë bromicola from wild barley improves salt-tolerance of cultivated barley by altering physiological responses to salt stress.xlsx

IntroductionEpichloë bromicola is a cultivable fungal endophyte that lives in symbiosis with wild barley (Hordeum brevisubulatum) to which it confers salt tolerance. This study tested the hypothesis that E. bromicola derived from wild barley has the potential to increase salt tolerance in cultivated barley under salt stress.MethodsTo test this hypothesis, the growth response, physiological parameters, and metabolic profiles of barley plants inoculated with E. bromicola (E+) and those not inoculated with E. bromicola (E–) were compared under salt stress.ResultsCompared with E– barley plants, E+ barley plants had significantly increased plant height, shoot biomass, total biomass, chlorophyll content, osmotic synthesis, and accumulation of stress adaptation metabolites. E. bromicola increased the salt stress tolerance of cultivated barley, and the positive effects correlated with different salt stress conditions.DiscussionThese results suggest that E. bromicola has promising potential for enhancing the salt tolerance of barley. New insights into the mechanisms underlying this barley–fungal endophyte association are provided, and interesting questions regarding the role of E. bromicola in fungus-enhanced tolerance to salt stress in this symbiosis are raised.</p

Cytotoxic Effect of Ergot Alkaloids in Achnatherum inebrians Infected by the Neotyphodium gansuense Endophyte

Ergonovine or ergonovinine was isolated from the aerial parts of endophyte (Neotyphodium gansuense) infected (E+) drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians), neither of which existed in endophyte-free (E−) plants. Both of these ergot alkaloids had a cytotoxic effect on animal smooth muscle cells and increased cell growth inhibition with greater concentrations, in a significantly (P < 0.05) positive correlation. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for ergonovine and ergonovinine were 71.95 and 72.75 μg/mL, respectively. These results indicate that endophytic ergot alkaloids may be the cause of drunken horse grass poisoning

Instantaneous rate of biomass production (A, C, E), and instantaneous rate of nitrogen (N) uptake (B, D, F).

<p>A, B: total rate of biomass production and N uptake by wheat and faba bean of different planting systems. C, D: shoot growth rate and instantaneous per capita N uptake by shoot of wheat and faba bean. E, F: root growth rate and instantaneous per capita N uptake by root of wheat and faba bean. iso w: isolated wheat; mono w: monocropped wheat; iso f: isolated faba bean; inter w: intercropped wheat; inter f: intercropped faba bean.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Epichloë bromicola from wild barley improves salt-tolerance of cultivated barley by altering physiological responses to salt stress.docx

IntroductionEpichloë bromicola is a cultivable fungal endophyte that lives in symbiosis with wild barley (Hordeum brevisubulatum) to which it confers salt tolerance. This study tested the hypothesis that E. bromicola derived from wild barley has the potential to increase salt tolerance in cultivated barley under salt stress.MethodsTo test this hypothesis, the growth response, physiological parameters, and metabolic profiles of barley plants inoculated with E. bromicola (E+) and those not inoculated with E. bromicola (E–) were compared under salt stress.ResultsCompared with E– barley plants, E+ barley plants had significantly increased plant height, shoot biomass, total biomass, chlorophyll content, osmotic synthesis, and accumulation of stress adaptation metabolites. E. bromicola increased the salt stress tolerance of cultivated barley, and the positive effects correlated with different salt stress conditions.DiscussionThese results suggest that E. bromicola has promising potential for enhancing the salt tolerance of barley. New insights into the mechanisms underlying this barley–fungal endophyte association are provided, and interesting questions regarding the role of E. bromicola in fungus-enhanced tolerance to salt stress in this symbiosis are raised.</p

Cumulative biomass production.

<p>A, B: total plant biomass of wheat, and faba bean; C, D: shoot biomass of wheat, and faba bean; E, F: root biomass of wheat, and faba bean. iso: isolated plants; mono: monocropped plants; inter: intercropped plants. Open and solid circles, open triangles indicate the mean of actual data at each sampling. All values represent means±SE (n = 3). Curves are derived from the logistic equation using the mean of three replicates.</p

Trajectories of biomass production and nitrogen (N) uptake of total (A, B), shoot (C, D) and root (E, F) by isolated (iso: open circles and dashed line), monocropped (mono: open triangles and dashed curve), intercropped (inter: solid symbols and continuous line) wheat and according faba bean.

<p>Data was derived from the logistic equation using the mean of actual data at each sampling. Numbers near the curves represent the samplings time (day). The dashed line shows the 1∶1 relationships between faba bean and wheat.</p

Times and rates of maximum instantaneous biomass production and nitrogen uptake by wheat and faba bean estimated by a logistic model (Eqn 1).

<p>Note: A logistic model was fitted separately to the mean of three replicates of total plant, shoot and root. Iso indicates isolated plants; Mono indicates monocropped plants; Inter indicates intercropped plants.</p><p>Times and rates of maximum instantaneous biomass production and nitrogen uptake by wheat and faba bean estimated by a logistic model (Eqn 1).</p

Cumulative nitrogen (N) uptake.

<p>A, B: total plant N uptake of wheat, and faba bean; C, D: shoot N content of wheat, and faba bean; E, F: root N content of wheat, and faba bean. iso: isolated plants; mono: monocropped plants; inter: intercropped plants. Open and solid circles, open triangles indicate the mean of actual data at each sampling. All values represent means±SE (n = 3). Curves are derived from the logistic equation using the mean of three replicates.</p

The maximum biomass and nitrogen (N) uptake of wheat and faba bean estimated by a logistic model (Eqn 1).

<p>Note: A logistic model was fitted separately to the mean of three replicates of total plant, shoot and root. Iso indicates isolated plants; Mono indicates monocropped plants; Inter indicates intercropped plants.</p><p>The maximum biomass and nitrogen (N) uptake of wheat and faba bean estimated by a logistic model (Eqn 1).</p

Comparison of results on diagnostic efficacy of MR and CT.

<p>Comparison of results on diagnostic efficacy of MR and CT.</p