The distribution of imported acute infectious diseases in Guangzhou, 2005–2019.

The distribution of imported acute infectious diseases in Guangzhou, 2005–2019.</p

The distribution of original countries of imported cases in Guangzhou, 2005–2019.

Most of the imported cases came from Southeast Asian.</p

Seasonal index of the average monthly number of imported cases of infectious diseases in Guangzhou, 2005–2019.

Seasonal index of the average monthly number of imported cases of infectious diseases in Guangzhou, 2005–2019.</p

The number of imported cases of infectious diseases in Guangzhou, 2005–2019.

The number of imported cases of infectious diseases in Guangzhou, 2005–2019.</p

The geographic distribution of imported cases and population density by district in Guangzhou, 2005–2019.

Basemap shapefile’s map content from National Earth System Science Data Center, National Science & Technology Infrastructure of China (http://www.geodata.cn), approval number 272148515751668.</p

The number of total reported cases and imported cases of dengue in Guangzhou, 2005–2019.

(XLSX)</p

Proportions of dengue, malaria, influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 and other imported cases of acute infectious diseases in Guangzhou, 2005–2019.

Dengue was the most commonly imported cases with an increasing proportion over time, followed by malaria. The influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 cases accounted for the largest proportion of imported cases in 2009.</p

Table_1_The use of generalized synthetic control method to evaluate air pollution control measures of G20 Hangzhou Summit.DOCX

The traditional campaign-style enforcement in environmental governance has been debated whether its rebound effect is likely to eat away the short-term environmental benefits and subsequently bring about severer pollution. There are methodological challenges in assessing the effect of temporary environmental intervention. By applying the generalized synthetic control method (GSCM), we quantified and characterized the effectiveness of environmental regulations implemented for the G20 Hangzhou Summit held on 4–5 September, 2016. The summit was successful in reducing Air Quality Composite Index by 17.40% (95% CI: 9.53%, 24.60%), 13.30% (95% CI: 4.23%, 21.50%), and 10.09% (95% CI: 2.01%, 17.51%) in the core, strictly-regulated and regulated areas respectively, comparing with the index expected under a “No-G20” scenario during the preparatory period and the summit period (July–September 2016), and the reduction of the levels in specific pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and CO) was also observed. Besides, the environmental benefits lasted for at least 3 months after the summit. This study demonstrates that the pollution control measures during the G20 Hangzhou Summit improved air quality immediately and continuously, and the GSCM provides a useful tool for evaluating the intervention effects of environmental regulations.</p

Demographic characteristics of imported cases of acute infectious diseases in Guangzhou, China, 2005–2019.

Demographic characteristics of imported cases of acute infectious diseases in Guangzhou, China, 2005–2019.</p

A Framework for a Formal Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism: The Kiss Principle (Keep It Simple, Stupid) and Other Guiding Principles

This paper explores the feasibility of a formal legal regime for the restructuring of sovereign state debt and outlines a framework for such a mechanism. More than a decade ago, senior officials at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) proposed the creation of a formal sovereign debt restructuring mechanism (SDRM). The proposal received support, but was eventually abandoned. One factor that contributed to its demise was the unwillingness of IMF members to submit to a tribunal that would encroach on a state’s sovereignty. Another determinative factor was the ultimate opposition of the United States. Likely related to that opposition, and perhaps its primary source, was the strong opposition of the private sector to the IMF’s SDRM proposal