Table_2_Exploring the interplay of semantic knowledge in bilingual children: heritage language and second language.DOCX

This study investigates the semantic development of heritage bilingual preschool children aged 3 to 5 who acquire Cantonese as their heritage language (HL) at home and English as their community language (L2) in school settings. The research examines how bilingual children organize and access their vocabulary in two distinct languages and how their heritage language influences semantic development in L2. We examined their performance in Word Association Identification Task (WAID) and Word Association Task (WAT) in both languages. Results showed that they perform similarly in WAID in both languages, with higher accuracy in semantically unrelated conditions. The WAT results showed that children had more syntagmatic responses in Cantonese than in English, but had similar paradigmatic responses in both languages. Regression analysis revealed that paradigmatic responses in Cantonese predicted children's English paradigmatic responses. Their English paradigmatic responses were also associated with WAID performance in English. This study contributes to understanding heritage bilingual children's semantic development, with implications for education and language support.</p

Table_1_Exploring the interplay of semantic knowledge in bilingual children: heritage language and second language.DOCX

This study investigates the semantic development of heritage bilingual preschool children aged 3 to 5 who acquire Cantonese as their heritage language (HL) at home and English as their community language (L2) in school settings. The research examines how bilingual children organize and access their vocabulary in two distinct languages and how their heritage language influences semantic development in L2. We examined their performance in Word Association Identification Task (WAID) and Word Association Task (WAT) in both languages. Results showed that they perform similarly in WAID in both languages, with higher accuracy in semantically unrelated conditions. The WAT results showed that children had more syntagmatic responses in Cantonese than in English, but had similar paradigmatic responses in both languages. Regression analysis revealed that paradigmatic responses in Cantonese predicted children's English paradigmatic responses. Their English paradigmatic responses were also associated with WAID performance in English. This study contributes to understanding heritage bilingual children's semantic development, with implications for education and language support.</p

Cooperation rates: overall and stratified by race (%).

<p>Cooperation rates: overall and stratified by race (%).</p

Flow diagram for the recruitment process of the PCaP study, LA cohort.

<p>^<b>a</b> Diagnosing physicians provided consent to contact 98% of AA and 96% of CA potential subjects in pre-K and 97% of AA and 96% of CA in post-K. ^b The reasons included: i) They changed their mind about enrollment after a visit was scheduled; ii) The scheduled interview ended up being cancelled. ^c The total number of ineligible, enrolled, refused and uncontacted cases were 273, 1234, 754 and 27, respectively.</p

Odds ratios for participation according to specific characteristics in multiple logistic regression models, stratified by race and study phase.

<p>The 40–59 year age group was the referent category for age in all models.</p

Reasons for ineligibility^d of contacted patients in the PCaP-LA cohort, stratified by race and study phase.

<p>First rows indicate counts, second rows indicate percentages (%).</p

Comparison of percentages of respondents, nonrespondents, and the total contacted sample by specific characteristics.

<p>Comparison of percentages of respondents, nonrespondents, and the total contacted sample by specific characteristics.</p

Odds ratios for participation according to specific characteristics in multiple logistic regression models, stratified by race.

<p>The 40–59 year age group was the referent category.</p

Reasons cited for refusal among eligible research subjects contacted in the PCaP-LA cohort, stratified by race.

<p>First rows indicate counts, second rows indicate percentages (%).</p

The Effect of 1,3-Diaryl-[1H]-pyrazole-4-acetamides on Glucose Utilization in ob/ob Mice

This article provides evidence of a new class of compounds, 1,3-diaryl-[1H]-pyrazole-4-acetamides, initially identified from their ability to increase glucose transport in an adipocyte and muscle cell line and ultimately demonstrating dramatic glucose lowering in ob/ob mice, a diabetic animal model. The lead compound, 1, possessed some behavioral-like effects which were removed by structural variation during the course of this investigation. Specifically, 11g (R1 = meta-CF3, Ar2 = 4‘biphenyl, R3 = diethylamide) illustrated the potency of this series with ED50 values for glucose lowering in ob/ob mice of 3.0 mg/kg/day. Concomitant with its effect on glucose lowering, 11g also caused a 50% reduction in insulin levels consistent with an agent that increases whole body insulin sensitivity. 11g showed favorable pharmacokinetic data with acceptable absorption, negligible metabolism, and good duration of action. 11g demonstrated no appreciable adipogenic effect through PPARγ agonism, a characteristic of the thiazolidinediones (TZD), and so represents a potentially new class of agents for the treatment of diabetes