Data_Sheet_1_Evolution and Population Structures of Prevalent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Taiwan.CSV

Global methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were dominated by few genetic lineages, suggesting their inherent advantage of competitive fitness. The information of genome evolution and population structures of prevalent MRSA strains can help gain a better understanding of the success of the pandemic clones. Whole-genome sequencing was performed in 340 MRSA isolates belonging to three prevalent lineages, including ST59 (129 isolates), ST239/241 (140 isolates), and ST5 (71 isolates), collected from 1996 to 2016 in Taiwan. The time-scaled phylogeny and evolutionary pathways were estimated by Bayesian analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo. The toxome, resistome, and plasmids were characterized by screening the raw reads with a public database. ST59, ST239/241, and ST5 MRSA were estimated to emerge in 1974, 1979, and 1995, respectively, in Taiwan. ST59 evolved through two major pathways, generating two subclones in 1980 and 1984. Both ST59 subclones remained prevalent in the healthcare and community environments in late 2010s. ST239/241 diverged into three subclones, respectively, in 1989, 1993, and 1995. The 1995-emerging ST239 subclone predominated after 2000 by replacing two previous early subclones. ST5 could be subdivided into two clades within 3 years of introduction, but no substantial difference of genomic profiles was identified in the strains of distinct clades. Each of the three pandemic MRSA lineages harbored its own specific toxome, resistome, and plasmids. The frequently identified genetic diversities between the subclones of the same lineage were genes mediating immune evasion, leukocidins, enterotoxins, and resistance to aminoglycosides. In conclusion, MRSA ST59 and ST239/241 emerged in the 1970s and evolved drastically during 1980 and 1995, resulting in three successful subclones prevailing in Taiwan. ST5 was introduced late in 1995 without a significant genetic drift during 20 years of evolution.</p

Crystallization and Magnetic Properties of 3D Micrometer-Scale Simple-Cubic Maghemite Superlattices

A reproducible method is proposed for the crystallization of three-dimensional (3D), micrometer-scale, simple-cubic superlattices (SCSLs) via the evaporation of a dispersion of 14.7 nm maghemite nanocubes in hexane. It is shown that the formation of the maghemite SCSLs is critically dependent on the presence of excess oleic acid (OA) in the nanocube dispersion. Specifically, the dynamic light-scattering results show that, given a relative concentration of approximately 15–20 vol %, the OA acts as a mild destabilization agent and prompts the homogeneous nucleation and growth of maghemite SCSLs. The magnetic properties of the SCSLs are investigated and compared with those of isolated maghemite nanocubes diluted in paraffin. It is shown that the coercivity force (Hc) and remanence ratio (Mr/Ms) of the 3D SCSLs at a temperature of 5 K are significantly lower than those of the isolated nanocubes at the same temperature. The magnetostatic energy-to-anisotropy energy (Ems/EK) ratio of the SCSLs is around 0.47. Thus, it is inferred that the reduction in the Hc and Mr/Ms properties of the SCSLs is the result primarily of assembling effects

Data_Sheet_2_Evolution and Population Structures of Prevalent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Taiwan.CSV

Global methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were dominated by few genetic lineages, suggesting their inherent advantage of competitive fitness. The information of genome evolution and population structures of prevalent MRSA strains can help gain a better understanding of the success of the pandemic clones. Whole-genome sequencing was performed in 340 MRSA isolates belonging to three prevalent lineages, including ST59 (129 isolates), ST239/241 (140 isolates), and ST5 (71 isolates), collected from 1996 to 2016 in Taiwan. The time-scaled phylogeny and evolutionary pathways were estimated by Bayesian analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo. The toxome, resistome, and plasmids were characterized by screening the raw reads with a public database. ST59, ST239/241, and ST5 MRSA were estimated to emerge in 1974, 1979, and 1995, respectively, in Taiwan. ST59 evolved through two major pathways, generating two subclones in 1980 and 1984. Both ST59 subclones remained prevalent in the healthcare and community environments in late 2010s. ST239/241 diverged into three subclones, respectively, in 1989, 1993, and 1995. The 1995-emerging ST239 subclone predominated after 2000 by replacing two previous early subclones. ST5 could be subdivided into two clades within 3 years of introduction, but no substantial difference of genomic profiles was identified in the strains of distinct clades. Each of the three pandemic MRSA lineages harbored its own specific toxome, resistome, and plasmids. The frequently identified genetic diversities between the subclones of the same lineage were genes mediating immune evasion, leukocidins, enterotoxins, and resistance to aminoglycosides. In conclusion, MRSA ST59 and ST239/241 emerged in the 1970s and evolved drastically during 1980 and 1995, resulting in three successful subclones prevailing in Taiwan. ST5 was introduced late in 1995 without a significant genetic drift during 20 years of evolution.</p

Data_Sheet_3_Evolution and Population Structures of Prevalent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Taiwan.CSV

Global methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were dominated by few genetic lineages, suggesting their inherent advantage of competitive fitness. The information of genome evolution and population structures of prevalent MRSA strains can help gain a better understanding of the success of the pandemic clones. Whole-genome sequencing was performed in 340 MRSA isolates belonging to three prevalent lineages, including ST59 (129 isolates), ST239/241 (140 isolates), and ST5 (71 isolates), collected from 1996 to 2016 in Taiwan. The time-scaled phylogeny and evolutionary pathways were estimated by Bayesian analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo. The toxome, resistome, and plasmids were characterized by screening the raw reads with a public database. ST59, ST239/241, and ST5 MRSA were estimated to emerge in 1974, 1979, and 1995, respectively, in Taiwan. ST59 evolved through two major pathways, generating two subclones in 1980 and 1984. Both ST59 subclones remained prevalent in the healthcare and community environments in late 2010s. ST239/241 diverged into three subclones, respectively, in 1989, 1993, and 1995. The 1995-emerging ST239 subclone predominated after 2000 by replacing two previous early subclones. ST5 could be subdivided into two clades within 3 years of introduction, but no substantial difference of genomic profiles was identified in the strains of distinct clades. Each of the three pandemic MRSA lineages harbored its own specific toxome, resistome, and plasmids. The frequently identified genetic diversities between the subclones of the same lineage were genes mediating immune evasion, leukocidins, enterotoxins, and resistance to aminoglycosides. In conclusion, MRSA ST59 and ST239/241 emerged in the 1970s and evolved drastically during 1980 and 1995, resulting in three successful subclones prevailing in Taiwan. ST5 was introduced late in 1995 without a significant genetic drift during 20 years of evolution.</p

Characterization of Monodisperse Wüstite Nanoparticles following Partial Oxidation

Monodisperse Fe1−xO nanoparticles (NPs) with a mean size of 21.7 ± 2.1 nm were prepared by the thermal decomposition of iron(III) oleate complex at 380 °C using oleic acid as the solvent. Variation in their composition was monitored using XRD for a period of 120 days under ambient conditions, under which the dominant phase changed from wüstite to a spinel-type iron oxide phase. HR-TEM images and absorption spectra of the 10-day sample further revealed an FeO/spinel-type phase core−shell structure. Exchange-bias coupling on the interfaces between the wüstite and the spinel-type phase accompanied the variation in composition. The dependence of HE on temperature demonstrates that the HE onset temperature is approximately 200 K, which correlates with the TN of bulk FeO

Additional file 2: of Population structure and transmission modes of indigenous typhoid in Taiwan

Figure S2. Phylogenetic tree, carried resistant genes and plasmids of international S. Typhi isolates of a multiresistant clade 4.3.1. The red squares indicate the presence of resistant genes and the blue stars indicate presence of the plasmids. The countries from which the strains were isolated are labelled with three capital letters. Abbreviation: BGD, Bangladesh; KEN, Kenya; IND, India; LKA, Sri Lanka; MMR, Myanmar; PAK, Pakistan; VNM, Vietnam; KHM, Cambodia; TWN, Taiwan; LAO, Lao. (TIF 1437 kb

High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery and Symmetric Supercapacitors Based on FeCo₂O₄ Nanoflakes Electrodes

A successive preparation of FeCo₂O₄ nanoflakes arrays on nickel foam substrates is achieved by a simple hydrothermal synthesis method. After 170 cycles, a high capacity of 905 mAh g^–1 at 200 mA g^–1 current density and very good rate capabilities are obtained for lithium-ion battery because of the 2D porous structures of the nanoflakes arrays. The distinctive structural features provide the battery with excellent electrochemical performance. The symmetric supercapacitor on nonaqueous electrolyte demonstrates high specific capacitance of 433 F g^–1 at 0.1 A g^–1 and 16.7 F g^–1 at high scan rate of 5 V s^–1 and excellent cyclic performance of 2500 cycles of charge–discharge cycling at 2 A g^–1 current density, revealing excellent long-term cyclability of the electrode even under rapid charge–discharge conditions

Additional file 1: of Population structure and transmission modes of indigenous typhoid in Taiwan

Figure S1. The PFGE patters of 58 S. Typhi isolates and the year of isolation in Taiwan, 2001–2014 (TIF 924 kb

Strain relatedness in 66 pairs of repeated MRSA infection episodes, categorized according to PFGE types of preceding isolates and intervals.

<p>PFGE, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.</p>1<p>One child had 3 infection pairs caused respectively by indistinguishable strains (2 pairs) and highly related strains (1 pair).</p>2<p>The rate of paired infections caused by indistinguishable strains was higher for PFGE type D (carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes) than for other PFGE types (P = 0.007, Fisher's exact test).</p>3<p>Strain relatedness was not associated with the length of intervals (indistinguishable strains vs. highly related or distinct strains, p = 0.404).</p

Detailed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of MRSA isolates from 12 children with three or more episodes.

<p>Detailed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of MRSA isolates from 12 children with three or more episodes.</p