Correlation between body height (BH) or body weight (BW) and right renal length (RL).

(A) BH and RL are positively well-correlated. The error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals (pp<0.001).</p

Simplified scheme showing the effects of maternal citrulline supplementation in the STZ offspring kidney.

<p>STZ induced an increase of ADMA level, and decreases of arginine-to-ADMA ratio and NO, consequently leading to low nephron number, kidney injury, and hypertension; maternal citrulline therapy decreased ADMA, increased arginine-to-ADMA ratio and NO, and increased DDAH activity in the STZ group to reduce kidney injury and hypertension. Dashed lines indicate the effects of maternal citrulline supplementation on STZ offspring.</p

Comparison of right renal length (RL) measured by ultrasonography from different healthy populations with approximately comparable age distribution to the population of the present study.

Body height and body weight are also shown in the table if available.</p

Scatter diagrams with linear regression illustrating the relationships among age, BH, and BW.

The linear regression lines demonstrated negative correlations of (A) BH to age (adjusted r2 = 0.071, p2 = 0.018, p2 = 0.444, p<0.001).</p

Comparison of right renal length (RL) measured by ultrasonography from different healthy populations with approximately comparable age distribution to the population of the present study.

*Data without significant difference compared with our data.</p

Protein levels and activity of ADMA-related enzymes in the STZ offspring kidney.

<p>(A) Representative western blots showing PRMT-1 (∼42 kDa), PRMT-5 (∼72 kDa), DDAH-1 (∼34 kDA), and DDAH-2 (∼30 kDa) bands in control and offspring from mothers treated with STZ and supplemented with l-citrulline at 12 weeks of age. The relative abundances of renal cortical (B) PRMT-1, (C) PRMT-5, (D) DDAH-1, and (E) DDAH-2, and (F) the renal DDAH activity were quantified. n = 6/group; *p<0.05 vs. control; #p<0.05 vs. STZ.</p

NO production in the STZ offspring kidney detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).

<p>n = 6/group; *p<0.05 vs. control; #p<0.05 vs. STZ.</p

Ultrasonographic renal measurements of male and female subjects.

Ultrasonographic renal measurements of male and female subjects.</p

Correlations between renal size and age or body indices.

Correlations between renal size and age or body indices.</p

Reference ranges indicating right renal length (RL) by body height (BH) and body weight (BW) of a healthy Taiwanese adult population, with stratification of BW into 8 groups.

(A) Reference range of all studied subjects. (B) Reference range of female subjects. (C) Reference range of male subjects. The dotted lines shown in Fig 3B were deduced extensions of the regression lines generated from relatively insufficient data owing to multiple subdivision by sex, BH, and BW.</p