Characterization of α‑Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ Catalysts for Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation of <i>m</i>‑Cresol

Fe/<b>γ-</b>Al₂O₃ catalysts calcined at different temperatures were evaluated in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of <i>m</i>-cresol. BET, XRD, and ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) were used to characterize the catalysts and showed that the calcination temperature changed the crystal particles of α-Fe₂O₃ and the interactions between α-Fe₂O₃ and the <b>γ-</b>Al₂O₃ support. The reaction-condition experiments showed that changing the reaction conditions to higher reaction temperature and acidic pH promoted the degradation of <i>m</i>-cresol. <i>m</i>-Cresol was degraded completely, and TOC removal reached 51.0% after CWPO for 2 h at an initial pH of 4 and a temperature of 60 °C over an Fe/<b>γ-</b>Al₂O₃ catalyst calcined at 350 °C (Fe/<b>γ-</b>Al₂O₃-350). Both reactions for 10 consecutive reaction cycles and for 120 continuous hours in a fixed-bed reactor showed that the Fe/<b>γ-</b>Al₂O₃-350 catalyst was stable and a promising catalyst for heterogeneous CWPO. The degradation intermediates were identified by GC-MS, and the possible degradation pathway of <i>m</i>-cresol was investigated

Influence of calcium compounds as a compression framework on activated sludge dewaterability and calorific value

<p>Calcium compounds have been known to be important for enhancing aggregation and dewaterability of activated sludge. In this study, the effect of calcium compounds (CaO, Ca(OH)₂, CaCl₂, CaSO₄ and CaCO₃, respectively) on sludge dewaterability and calorific value was investigated. Upon addition of CaO, Ca(OH)₂, CaCl₂, CaSO₄ and CaCO₃ (112 mg/g dry sludge) into activated sludge, after compressed filtration the moisture content of sludge was found to be 49.7%, 55.7%, 57.1%, 65.3% and 56.5%, respectively. The addition of calcium compounds altered the structure of sludge by CaCO₃ and Ca(OH)₂ production, which improved sludge filterability and provided frameworks and water passages during compression. Furthermore, sludge conditioned by CaO addition had better dewaterability than other calcium compounds. The heat generated from the CaO hydration and high pH might damage flocs’ structure and improve dewaterability of sludge. Moreover, it was found that excess addition of calcium compounds led to low calorific value in combustion process. The study concluded that CaO is the optimal additive for sludge further dewatering by compressed filtration.</p

Copper-Mediated Intramolecular Oxidative C–H/C–H Cross-Coupling of α‑Oxo Ketene <i>N</i>,<i>S</i>‑Acetals for Indole Synthesis

CuCl₂-mediated intramolecular C–H/C–H cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of thioalkyl-substituted α-acetyl or α-aroyl ketene <i>N</i>,<i>S</i>-acetals afforded 2-thioalkyl indoles. Tunable C–S bond transformations of the resultant indoles led to highly functionalized N-heterocyclic compounds. A β-thioalkyl is necessary to activate the <i>N</i>,<i>S</i>-acetal substrate and enable the CDC reaction to occur, and the relevant mechanism studies revealed that the CDC reaction follows a radical pathway

Copper-Mediated Intramolecular Oxidative C–H/C–H Cross-Coupling of α‑Oxo Ketene <i>N</i>,<i>S</i>‑Acetals for Indole Synthesis

CuCl₂-mediated intramolecular C–H/C–H cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of thioalkyl-substituted α-acetyl or α-aroyl ketene <i>N</i>,<i>S</i>-acetals afforded 2-thioalkyl indoles. Tunable C–S bond transformations of the resultant indoles led to highly functionalized N-heterocyclic compounds. A β-thioalkyl is necessary to activate the <i>N</i>,<i>S</i>-acetal substrate and enable the CDC reaction to occur, and the relevant mechanism studies revealed that the CDC reaction follows a radical pathway

Copper-Mediated Intramolecular Oxidative C–H/C–H Cross-Coupling of α‑Oxo Ketene <i>N</i>,<i>S</i>‑Acetals for Indole Synthesis

CuCl₂-mediated intramolecular C–H/C–H cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of thioalkyl-substituted α-acetyl or α-aroyl ketene <i>N</i>,<i>S</i>-acetals afforded 2-thioalkyl indoles. Tunable C–S bond transformations of the resultant indoles led to highly functionalized N-heterocyclic compounds. A β-thioalkyl is necessary to activate the <i>N</i>,<i>S</i>-acetal substrate and enable the CDC reaction to occur, and the relevant mechanism studies revealed that the CDC reaction follows a radical pathway

Estimate of the MR analysis for the white blood cells and FG.

Estimate of the MR analysis for the white blood cells and FG.</p

MR analyses testing the effects of five WBC subtypes on T2D.

The result of univariable MR obtained using four MR approaches (IVW, MR-Egger, Weighted-median, and weighted mode) and multivariable MR obtained using two MR approaches (IVW and MR-Egger) of Model 3. Causal estimates were presented as a heatmap. All results indicated no statistically significance.</p

Detailed information on the IVs used in the MR analyses for the causal effect of WBC subtypes on T2D.

Detailed information on the IVs used in the MR analyses for the causal effect of WBC subtypes on T2D.</p

Results of the heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests of the causal effect of T2D on WBC.

Results of the heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests of the causal effect of T2D on WBC.</p

Estimate of the MR analysis for the white blood cells and HbA1c.

Estimate of the MR analysis for the white blood cells and HbA1c.</p