Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization of 3-Phenoxyacrylates: An Approach To Construct Substituted Benzofurans from Phenols

In this paper, a novel and applicable synthesis of benzofurans from commercially available phenols and propiolate through the direct oxidative cyclization has been developed. In the presence of Pd(OAc)2/PPh3 and CF3CO2Ag, (E)-type 3-phenoxyacrylates underwent reaction smoothly to generate the corresponding benzofurans in good yields in benzene at 110 °C under the air pressure. In addition, this transformation of phenols into benzofurans can also be carried out in one pot. The process was simple and efficient. A tentative mechanism of palladium-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of 3-phenoxyacrylates was proposed

Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Δ²‑Isoxazoline from Toluene Derivatives Enabled by the Triple Role of Silver Nitrate

A palladium-catalyzed direct synthesis of Δ²-isoxazoline from toluene derivatives has been established. The present reaction proceeds through nondirected Csp³–H activation, benzylic nitration, dehydration, and cycloaddition. This protocol also features the unusual triple role of silver nitrate in a one-pot reaction

Bu₄NI-Catalyzed α‑Oxyacylation of Carbonyl Compounds with Toluene Derivatives

A TBAI (tetrabutylammonium iodide)-catalyzed direct α-oxyacylation of carbonyl compounds from readily available toluene derivatives has been developed. The distinguished features of this metal-free protocol include the employment of simple starting material, a wide carbonyl compound scope, and mild reaction conditions

Image_2_Deletion of FgHOG1 Is Suppressive to the mgv1 Mutant by Stimulating Gpmk1 Activation and Avoiding Intracellular Turgor Elevation in Fusarium graminearum.JPEG

Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley. Previous studies have showed that all three MAP kinase genes, MGV1, FgHOG1, and GPMK1, are involved in regulating hyphal growth, sexual reproduction, plant infection, and stress responses in this pathogen. To determine the relationship between the Mgv1 and FgHog1 pathways, in this study, we generated and characterized the mgv1 Fghog1 double mutant. Deletion of FgHOG1 partially rescued the defects of the mgv1 mutant in vegetative growth and cell wall integrity but had no effects on its defects in plant infection and DON production. The mgv1 Fghog1 mutant grew faster and was more tolerant to cell wall stressors than the mgv1 mutant. Swollen compartments and cell burst were observed frequently in the mgv1 mutant but rarely in the mgv1 Fghog1 mutant when treated with fungicide fludioxonil or cell wall stressor Congo red. Conversely, the deletion of MGV1 also alleviated the hyperosmotic sensitivity of the Fghog1 mutant in vegetative growth. TGY assays indicated increased phosphorylation of FgHog1 in the mgv1 mutant, and TEY assays further revealed elevated activation of Gpmk1 in the mgv1 Fghog1 double mutant, particularly under cell wall stress conditions. Overall, our data showed that deletion of FgHOG1 partially suppressed the defects of the mgv1 mutant, possibly by affecting genes related to cell wall integrity and osmoregulation via the over-activation of Gpmk1 MAP kinase and avoiding intracellular turgor elevation.</p

Biochar derived from corn straw affected availability and distribution of soil nutrients and cotton yield

<div><p>Biochar application as a soil amendment has been proposed as a strategy to improve soil fertility and increase crop yields. However, the effects of successive biochar applications on cotton yields and nutrient distribution in soil are not well documented. A three-year field study was conducted to investigate the effects of successive biochar applications at different rates on cotton yield and on the soil nutrient distribution in the 0–100 cm soil profile. Biochar was applied at 0, 5, 10, and 20 t ha^-1 (expressed as Control, BC5, BC10, and BC20, respectively) for each cotton season, with identical doses of chemical fertilizers. Biochar enhanced the cotton lint yield by 8.0–15.8%, 9.3–13.9%, and 9.2–21.9% in 2013, 2014, and 2015, respectively, and high levels of biochar application achieved high cotton yields each year. Leaching of soil nitrate was reduced, while the pH values, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen (N), and available K content of the 0–20 cm soil layer were increased in 2014 and 2015. However, the changes in the soil available P content were less substantial. This study suggests that successive biochar amendments have the potential to enhance cotton productivity and soil fertility while reducing nitrate leaching.</p></div

Image_1_Deletion of FgHOG1 Is Suppressive to the mgv1 Mutant by Stimulating Gpmk1 Activation and Avoiding Intracellular Turgor Elevation in Fusarium graminearum.JPEG

Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley. Previous studies have showed that all three MAP kinase genes, MGV1, FgHOG1, and GPMK1, are involved in regulating hyphal growth, sexual reproduction, plant infection, and stress responses in this pathogen. To determine the relationship between the Mgv1 and FgHog1 pathways, in this study, we generated and characterized the mgv1 Fghog1 double mutant. Deletion of FgHOG1 partially rescued the defects of the mgv1 mutant in vegetative growth and cell wall integrity but had no effects on its defects in plant infection and DON production. The mgv1 Fghog1 mutant grew faster and was more tolerant to cell wall stressors than the mgv1 mutant. Swollen compartments and cell burst were observed frequently in the mgv1 mutant but rarely in the mgv1 Fghog1 mutant when treated with fungicide fludioxonil or cell wall stressor Congo red. Conversely, the deletion of MGV1 also alleviated the hyperosmotic sensitivity of the Fghog1 mutant in vegetative growth. TGY assays indicated increased phosphorylation of FgHog1 in the mgv1 mutant, and TEY assays further revealed elevated activation of Gpmk1 in the mgv1 Fghog1 double mutant, particularly under cell wall stress conditions. Overall, our data showed that deletion of FgHOG1 partially suppressed the defects of the mgv1 mutant, possibly by affecting genes related to cell wall integrity and osmoregulation via the over-activation of Gpmk1 MAP kinase and avoiding intracellular turgor elevation.</p

VFR protocols.

VFR protocols.</p

The estimated marginal mean profile plots.

The estimated marginal mean profile plots.</p

Descriptive results of ANOVA.

Descriptive results of ANOVA.</p

The 2.5 m LAT chart.

The 2.5 m LAT chart.</p