Color-coded (see bar on the right) fraction of cooperation and loners.

The multitude of transitions in the color map points towards a high complexity of the underlying mechanisms (see main text for more details).</p

Win-stay-lose-learn promotes cooperation in the prisoner’s dilemma game with voluntary participation

<div><p>Voluntary participation, demonstrated to be a simple yet effective mechanism to promote persistent cooperative behavior, has been extensively studied. It has also been verified that the aspiration-based win-stay-lose-learn strategy updating rule promotes the evolution of cooperation. Inspired by this well-known fact, we combine the Win-Stay-Lose-Learn updating rule with voluntary participation: Players maintain their strategies when they are satisfied, or players attempt to imitate the strategy of one randomly chosen neighbor. We find that this mechanism maintains persistent cooperative behavior, even further promotes the evolution of cooperation under certain conditions.</p></div

Special configurations of players.

<p>In all panels the cooperators are depicted blue while defectors are depicted red and loners are depicted green. Each small square corresponds to a single player. Denoted values correspond to the payoffs of individual players, as obtained for the presented configurations.</p

The workflow of the procedures for discovery of candidate genes related to brain development.

<p>The workflow of the procedures for discovery of candidate genes related to brain development.</p

Discovery of New Candidate Genes Related to Brain Development Using Protein Interaction Information

<div><p>Human brain development is a dramatic process composed of a series of complex and fine-tuned spatiotemporal gene expressions. A good comprehension of this process can assist us in developing the potential of our brain. However, we have only limited knowledge about the genes and gene functions that are involved in this biological process. Therefore, a substantial demand remains to discover new brain development-related genes and identify their biological functions. In this study, we aimed to discover new brain-development related genes by building a computational method. We referred to a series of computational methods used to discover new disease-related genes and developed a similar method. In this method, the shortest path algorithm was executed on a weighted graph that was constructed using protein-protein interactions. New candidate genes fell on at least one of the shortest paths connecting two known genes that are related to brain development. A randomization test was then adopted to filter positive discoveries. Of the final identified genes, several have been reported to be associated with brain development, indicating the effectiveness of the method, whereas several of the others may have potential roles in brain development.</p></div

Stable distribution of teaching ability when <i>b</i> = 1.05 and <i>K</i> = 0.1.

<p>Stable distribution of teaching ability when <i>b</i> = 1.05 and <i>K</i> = 0.1.</p

This file (zip format) contains the raw data used in figures with MC simulation.

(RAR)</p

Evolution of cooperation on stable state under some certain initial condition.

<p>Panel (a) (or (b)) features the characteristic snapshots of the spatial grid when A = 0.75 (A = 0.751) and b = 1.5, as obtained when using the initial conditions presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0171680#pone.0171680.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3(H)</a> (cooperators are yellow, defectors are red and loners are green).</p

The enrichment between the 108 candidate genes and the genes of well-known brain diseases.

<p>The enrichment between the 108 candidate genes and the genes of well-known brain diseases.</p

Typical snapshots of the distribution of strategies in step 0, 100, 800, 10,000.

<p>All results are obtain for <i>b</i> = 1.05 <i>K</i> = 0.1. From top to bottom, Δ<i>w</i> are equal to 0, 0.05 and 0.3 respectively. Cooperation, defection and loner are colored by red, green and blue, respectively.</p