Expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatase-like protein IA-2 during pancreatic islet development

A tyrosine phosphatase-like protein, IA-2, is a major autoantigen in Type 1 diabetes but its role in islet function is unclear. Tyrosine phosphorylation mediates regulation of cellular processes such as exocytosis, cell growth, and cell differentiation. To investigate the potential involvement of IA-2 in islet differentiation and insulin secretion, we analyzed by immunohistochemistry expression of IA-2 during islet development in fetal rats and during the maturation of insulin secretory responses after birth. In the fetus, IA-2 immunoreactivity was detected in primitive islets positive for insulin and glucagon at 12 days' gestation. Subsequently, IA-2 was only weakly detectable in the fetal pancreas. In neonatal rat, a progressive increase in IA-2 immunoreactivity was observed in islets from very low levels at 1 day of age to moderate labeling at 10 days. In the adult, relatively high levels of IA-2 were detected in islets, with heterogeneous expression in individual cells within each islet. IA-2 marks a population of endocrine cells that transiently appear early in pancreatic ontogeny. Islet IA-2 expression reappears after birth concomitant with the development of mature insulin secretory responses, consistent with a role for this protein in regulated hormone secretion.</p

Location and type of ecosystems contributing to marine activities.

Includes boundary of Pembrokeshire and NUTS1 regions. Source: Office for National Statistics licenced under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right 2019.</p

Location and type of ecosystems contributing to terrestrial activities.

Includes boundary of Pembrokeshire and NUTS1 regions. Source: Office for National Statistics licenced under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right 2019.</p

Ecosystem attribution scoring table.

Ecosystem attribution scoring table.</p

Natural capital contribution to T&OL expenditure broken down by region.

T&OL expenditure attributable to natural capital, with percentage of total provided in brackets. Includes boundary of NUTS1 regions. Source: Office for National Statistics licenced under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right 2019.</p

Contribution of other capital (such as physical) and natural capital to T&OL activities and consequently economy.

Ecosystems and other capital support T&OL activities. T&OL activity expenditure is therefore is attributable to natural capital.</p

Content Validity and Cognitive Debriefing of a Patient-Reported Outcome Instrument Evaluating Symptoms and Disease Impact in Patients with Geographic Atrophy

   Article full text  The article associated with this page has been accepted for online publication and is in the final stages of production. The link to the full text will be made available on this page in the next few days.  The above graphical abstract represents the opinions of the authors. For a full list of declarations, including funding and author disclosure statements, and copyright information, please see the full text online. (see “read the peer-reviewed publication” opposite). </p

Location contribution percentages for each activity.

(DOCX)</p

Natural capital contribution per activity.

Graph showing natural capital (blue) and other capital (grey) contribution to each activity. The % natural capital contribution is shown at the end of each bar. Activity descriptions have been shortened to enable graph readability.</p

Full activity list.

T&OL activities identified from three national surveys. (DOCX)</p