Indices from the modelling of the data from the IVGTT.

<p>All values are mean (SEM), N = 12. Comparisons made with paired t-tests.</p

Insulin concentrations from FSIVGTT after 4 weeks daily supplementation with 40 g HAM-RS2 or placebo.

<p>N = 12, mean ± SEM. Significantly higher concentrations following HAM-RS2 compared with placebo (<i>p</i> = 0.009). Comparisons made with repeated measures ANOVA. Black circles  =  HAM-RS2; white circles  =  placebo.</p

Glucose concentrations from FSIVGTT after 4 weeks daily supplementation with 40 g HAM-RS2 or placebo.

<p>N = 12, mean ± SEM. No significant difference between the HAM-RS2 and placebo. Comparisons made with repeated measures ANOVA. Black circles  =  HAM-RS2; white circles  =  placebo; dashed line  =  baseline glucose concentrations.</p

C-peptide concentrations from FSIVGTT after 4 weeks daily supplementation with 40 g HAM-RS2 or placebo.

<p>N = 12, mean ± SEM. Significantly higher concentrations following HAM-RS2 compared with placebo (<i>p</i> = 0.016). Comparisons made with repeated measures ANOVA. Black circles  =  HAM-RS2; white circles  =  placebo.</p

Anthropometric measurements and fasting plasma concentrations taken after 4 weeks daily supplementation with either 40 g/day of HAM-RS2 or placebo.

<p>All values are mean (SEM), N = 12. Comparisons made with paired t-tests.</p>1<p>Measured by bioimpedance (Tanita, Arlington Heights, IL, USA). N = 11.</p>2<p>Mean of 3 readings taken with the subject in a sitting position, measured by an automatic blood pressure cuff (Omron MX3 Plus, Omron Healthcare Europe, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom).</p

Effect of vaccination of humans with subunit influenza vaccines on Treg frequency.

<p>At day 0, healthy adults were i.m. vaccinated with a non-adjuvanted (Agrippal^®) or MF59^®-adjuvanted (Fluad^®) trivalent influenza subunit vaccine or injected with a placebo. At day 1, 3, 5, 14 and 21 post vaccination changes in Treg frequency were determined. The delta Treg percentage per time point was determined per donor (= % Treg day_x—% Treg day₀). Mean (± SEM) delta percentage of the frequency of rTreg (left) and aTreg (right) in the blood at the different time points after vaccination with Agrippal^® (n = 12), Fluad^® (n = 8, day 14 n = 2) or placebo (n = 6). Means were statistically compared with a Kruskal-Wallis test.</p

Summary of participant characteristics and pre-vaccination Treg values.

<p>Summary of participant characteristics and pre-vaccination Treg values.</p

Effect of vaccination of humans with a subunit hepatitis B vaccine on Treg frequency and characteristics.

<p>At day 0, day 28 and day 168, healthy adults were i.m. vaccinated with Engerix-B^® or injected with a placebo. At day 1, 3, and 14 after the third immunization dose (day 169, 171 and 182) changes in Treg frequency and phenotype were determined. The delta Treg percentage per time point was determined per donor (= % Treg day_x—% Treg day₁₆₈). <b>(A)</b> Mean (± SEM) delta percentage of the frequency of rTreg (left) and aTreg (right) in the blood at the different time points after the third dose of Engerix-B^® (n = 20) or placebo (n = 4). <b>(B)</b> Mean (± SEM) delta percentage of CD39 expression on aTreg after vaccination. Means were statistically compared with an unpaired, two-tailed Mann-Whitney test (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, relative to placebo at the same time point).</p

Literature search flow-chart.

<p>Literature search flow-chart.</p

Effect of vaccination of humans with a live attenuated yellow fever vaccine on Treg frequency and characteristics.

<p>At day 0, healthy adults were s.c. vaccinated with Stamaril^® or injected with a placebo. At day 1, 5, 7 and 14 post vaccination changes in Treg frequency and phenotype were determined. The delta Treg percentage per time point was determined per donor (= % Treg day_x—% Treg day₀). <b>(A)</b> Mean (± SEM) delta percentage of the frequency of rTreg (left) and aTreg (right) in the blood at the different time points after vaccination with Stamaril^® (n = 19) or placebo (n = 8). <b>(B)</b> Mean (± SEM) delta percentage of CD25 and CD31 expression on rTreg after vaccination. <b>(C)</b> Mean (± SEM) delta percentage of CD25, CD31 and HLA-DR expression on aTreg after vaccination. Means were statistically compared with an unpaired, two-tailed Mann-Whitney test (* p < 0.05 relative to placebo at the same time point).</p