Smakämnen i lagrad ost och hur de varierar, bildas och bidrar till smak : med fokus på propionsyraostar

Flavour compounds in cheese are formed by metabolism of residual lactose, lactate and citrate, proteolysis and lipolysis through the activity of e.g., starter bacteria. Generally identified aroma components in cheese are fatty acids, esters, alcohols, ketones, lactones, aldehydes, and sulphur compounds. Various compounds contribute to specific flavours reviewed in this study. In propionic acid cheeses (e.g. Emmenthaler, Maasdamer, Grevé), lactate fermentation with products of propionic and acetic acids, and CO2 is important for the characteristic sweet, nutty flavour and eye-formation of these cheeses. The variation of aroma components in cheese is influenced by many factors; type of starter culture and strain, milk quality and composition, pH, temperature, salt, moisture content and ripening conditions. To control the flavour and predetermined characteristic of a cheese variety, sensory evaluation is conducted. Methods for sensory analysis include discrimination methods, descriptive sensory method, affective consumer tests and grading methods. Depending on the objective of the analysis, methods are used to evaluate cheese quality and defects, in product development or after replacement of an ingredient, for research purposes, marketing, shelf-life evaluation and to investigate consumer acceptability. The objectives of the literature review are to examine aroma compounds in cheese, with focus on propionic acid cheeses. The variation and origin of aroma components as well as their contribution to flavour in cheese are investigated. In addition, methods for sensory evaluation of cheese are reviewed.Smakämnen i ost bildas via metabolism av resterande laktos, laktat och citrat, proteolys och lipolys, med hjälp av bland annat starterkulturens bakterier. Fettsyror, estrar, alkoholer, ketoner, laktoner, aldehyder och svavelföreningar är generella grupper av ämnen som bidrar till ostens smak. Olika grupper av ämnen bidrar till specifika smaker som kommer att tas upp i rapporten. I propionsyraostar (exempelvis Emmentaler, Maasdamer och Grevé) är fermentering av laktat grundläggande eftersom det bidrar med ostarnas karaktäristiska hål och söta, nötaktiga smak från fermenteringsprodukterna propionsyra, ättiksyra, och CO2. Variationen av smakämnen i ost beror på många faktorer; typ av starterkultur, mjölkkvalité, mjölkegenskaper och tillverkningsprocesser så som pH, temperatur, salt- och vätskehalt och lagringsförhållanden. En osts smak och karaktär utvärderas med hjälp av olika metoder för sensorisk analys, till exempel skillnadsmetoder, beskrivande metod av en tränad sensorisk panel och konsumenttester. Metoderna används för att utvärdera ostens kvalité vid produktutveckling, i forskningssyften, för marknadsföring, i studier av förändringar som sker under den förväntade hållbarhetstiden och för utvärdering av konsumenters acceptans. Syftet med litteraturstudien är att undersöka smakämnen i ost, med fokus på propionsyraostar. Variationen i smakämnen i ost samt hur de har bildats, liksom deras bidrag till smak, kommer att analyseras. Dessutom ska olika metoder för sensorisk utvärdering av ostens smak undersökas

Kontrollera, begränsa och förhandla : en studie om barns medieanvändande ur ett föräldraperspektiv

Barns medieanvändande ökar, vilket leder till förändrade förutsättningar för föräldrar att hantera och kontrollera vilken information barnen tar del av. Ny medieteknik förändrar barns förhållande till information då de i allt större utsträckning kan styra och ta kontroll över sitt eget informationshämtande. Detta leder till en osäkerhet hos föräldrarna, vilket förstärks då det saknas tydliga riktlinjer för dem att följa. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur medieutvecklingen förändrar sociala förhållningssätt i rollen som förälder. För att nå en förståelse för dessa förändringar har en gruppintervju, fyra parintervjuer och två enskilda intervjuer med föräldrar genomförts för att utröna hur de hanterar de förändrade förutsättningarna för information i förhållande till sina barn. Utifrån de resonemang och tankar som lyfts söker studien förståelse för hur medieutvecklingen förändrar sociala förhållningssätt i rollen som förälder. Studien visar att föräldrarna känner sig kluvna i ämnet vilket leder till osäkerhet. Den finner också att föräldrarna genom nya förhandlingssätt och metoder försöker återfå den förlorade kontrollen. Detta påverkar även socialiseringen och medieträning blir en allt mer naturlig del i uppfostran

Experimental Studies of Spin, Charge and Orbital Order at Extreme Conditions

Spin, charge and orbital ordering in various crystalline compounds have been studied under extreme conditions. The main techniques used were synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction. High-pressure conditions were obtained by using a diamond anvil cell and the Paris-Edinburgh cell. Changes in the valence state of BiNiO3 perovskite under pressure have been investigated by a neutron powder diffraction study and bond valence sum (BVS) calculations. At ambient pressure, BiNiO3 has the unusual charge distribution Bi3+0.5Bi5+0.5Ni2+O3 with ordering of Bi3+ and Bi5+ charges on the A sites of a highly distorted perovskite structure. High pressure neutron diffraction measurements show that the pressure-induced melting of the charge disproportionated state leads to a simultaneous charge transfer from Ni to Bi, so that the high pressure phase is metallic Bi3+Ni3+O3. This exceptional charge transfer between A and B site cations coupled to electronic instabilities at both sites gives rise to a remarkable variety of ground states. Furthermore, Rietveld analysis of low temperature neutron powder diffraction data shows that the structure of BiNiO3 remains triclinic (space grp 1P) throughout the temperature range 5 to 300 K. BVS calculations confirm that the charge distribution is Bi3+0.5Bi5+0.5Ni2+O3 down to 5 K. The magnetic cell is identical to that of the triclinic superstructure and a G-type antiferromagnetic model gives a good fit to the magnetic intensities, with an ordered Ni2+ moment of 1.76(3) μB at 5 K. However, BiNiO3 is ferrimagnetic due to the inexact cancellation of opposing, inequivalent moments in the low symmetry cell. The effect of high pressure on the structural properties of (EDT-TTF-CONH2)6[Re6Se8(CN)6], a conducting, molecular, mixed-valence, π-conjugated radical, cation salt has been examined using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and a diamond anvil cell set-up. It has previously been shown that this compound undergoes a low temperature phase transition from a rhombohedral (space group 3R) to a triclinic (space group1P) structure at ~150 K. This transition is caused by a charge ordering. A LeBail profile fitting of powder diffraction data revealed a change in compressibility at 0.7 GPa indicative of a phase transition. This was confirmed by single crystal data which showed that the structure remains rhombohedral )3(R, up i to 0.4 GPa but is triclinic )1(P at 0.8, 1.2 and 1.8 GPa. Hence, high pressure, as well as low temperature, can drive the charge ordering in (EDT-TTF-CONH2)6 [Re6Se8(CN)6]. The transition pressure is between 0.5-0.7 GPa at 300 K. The crystal and magnetic structures of the orbitally ordered perovskite KCrF3 have been determined from neutron powder diffraction measurement at temperatures from 3.5 to 300 K. A phase transition from a tetragonal to a monoclinic structure occurs at 250 K but the orbital ordering is sustained. Long range antiferromagnetic order of the A-type occurs below TN = 46 K and the refined magnetic moment for the Cr2+ sites was found to be 4.39(7) μB

Cookability of 24 pea accessions-determining factors and potential predictors of cooking quality

BACKGROUND: Cooking time and cooking evenness are two critical quantities when determining the cooking quality (termed cookability) of pulses. Deciphering which factors contribute to pulse cookability is important for breeding new cultivars, and the identification of potential cookability predictors can facilitate breeding efforts. Seeds from 24 morphologically diverse pea accessions were tested to identify contributing factors and potential predictors of the observed cookability using a Mattson cooker. Size- and weight-based measures were recorded, and seed-coat hardness was obtained with a penetrometer. Content of protein, starch (amylose and amylopectin), and phytate was also determined.RESULTS: Distinct differences were found between wrinkled and non-wrinkled seeds in terms of water-absorption capacity, seed-coat hardness, and plunger-perforation speed. Potential predictive indicators of cooking time and cooking evenness were seed-coat hardness (r = 0.49 and r = 0.38), relative area gained (r = -0.59 and r = -0.8), and percentage of swelled seeds after soaking (r = -0.49 and r = -0.58), but only for non-wrinkled seeds. Surprisingly, the coefficients of variation for the profile area of both dry and swelled seeds appeared to be potential cookability predictors of all pea types (correlation coefficients around r = 0.5 and supported by principal component analysis). However, no strong correlation was observed between cookability and protein, starch, or phytate levels.CONCLUSION: Using three types of instruments together with chemical components enabled the identification of novel cookability predictors for both cooking time and cooking evenness in pea. This study unveils the diverse quantitative aspects influencing cookability in pea. Considering both cooking time and cooking evenness, as well as seed-coat hardness, underscores the multifaceted nature of pulse cookability and offers important insights for future breeding strategies to enhance pea cultivars. (c) 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry

Loss of glutathione peroxidase 3 expression is correlated with epigenetic mechanisms in endometrial adenocarcinoma

Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) is one of the key enzymes in the cellular defense against oxidative stress and the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, (MET) has been suggested to be influenced by the GPX3 gene expression. In a previous microarray study performed by our group, Gpx3 was identified as a potential biomarker for rat endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC), since the expression was highly downregulated in rat EAC tumors. Herein, we have investigated the mRNA expression and Gpx3 and Met in rat EAC by real time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the methylation status of Gpx3. In addition we have examined the expression of GPX3 and MET in 30 human EACs of different FIGO grades and 20 benign endometrial tissues. We found that the expression of GPX3 was uniformly down regulated in both rat and human EAC, regardless of tumor grade or histopathological subtype, implying that the down-regulation is an early event in EAC. The rate of Gpx3 promoter methylation reaches 91%, where biallelic methylation was present in 90% of the methylated tumors. The expression of the Met oncogene was slightly upregulated in EACs that showed loss of expression of Gpx3, but no tumor suppressor activity of Gpx3/GPX3 was detected. Preliminary results also suggest that the production of H2O2 is higher in rat endometrial tumors with down-regulated Gpx3 expression. A likely consequence of loss of GPX3 protein function would be a higher amount of ROS in the cancer cell environment. Thus, the results suggest important clinical implications of the GPX3 expression in EAC, both as a molecular biomarker for EAC and as a potential target for therapeutic interventions

Deactivation of a Vanadium-Based SCR Catalyst Used in a Biogas-Powered Euro VI Heavy-Duty Engine Installation

We have investigated how the exhaust gases from a heavy-duty Euro VI engine, powered with biogas impact a vanadium-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst in terms of performance. A full Euro VI emission control system was used and the accumulation of catalyst poisons from the combustion was investigated for the up-stream particulate filter as well as the SCR catalyst. The NO(x)reduction performance in terms of standard, fast and NO2-rich SCR was evaluated before and after exposure to exhaust from a biogas-powered engine for 900 h. The SCR catalyst retains a significant part of its activity towards NO(x)reduction after exposure to biogas exhaust, likely due to capture of catalyst poisons on the up-stream components where the deactivation of the oxidation catalyst is especially profound. At lower temperatures some deactivation of the first part of the SCR catalyst was observed which could be explained by a considerably higher surface V4+/V(5+)ratio for this sample compared to the other samples. The higher value indicates that the reoxidation of V(4+)to V(5+)is partially hindered, blocking the redox cycle for parts of the active sites

Deactivation of a Pd/Pt Bimetallic Oxidation Catalyst Used in a Biogas-Powered Euro VI Heavy-Duty Engine Installation

The reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is crucial to avoid further warming of the planet. We investigated how effluent gases from a biogas powered Euro VI heavy-duty engine impact the performance of a bimetallic (palladium and platinum) oxidation catalyst. Using synthetic gas mixtures, the oxidation of NO, CO, and CH4\ua0before and after exposure to biogas exhaust for 900 h was studied. The catalyst lost most of its activity for methane oxidation, and the activity loss was most severe for the inlet part of the aged catalyst. Here, a clear sintering of Pt and Pd was observed, and higher concentrations of catalyst poisons such as sulfur and phosphorus were detected. The sintering and poisoning resulted in less available active sites and hence lower activity for methane oxidation

Robust Dirac-Cone Band Structure in the Molecular Kagome Compound (EDT-TTF-CONH₂)₆[Re₆Se₈(CN)₆]

(EDT-TTF-CONH2)(6)[Re6Se8(CN)(6)] is a molecular solid with R3 space group symmetry and has the remarkable feature of exhibiting hybrid donor layers with a kagome topology which sustain metallic conductivity. We report a detailed study of the structural evolution of the system as a function of temperature and pressure. This rhombohedral phase is maintained on cooling down to 220 K or up to 0.7 GPa pressure, beyond which a symmetry-breaking transition to a triclinic PI phase drives a metal to insulator transition. Band structures calculated from the structural data lead to a clear description of the effects of temperature and pressure on the structural and electronic properties of this system. Linear energy dispersion is calculated at the zero-gap Fermi level where valence and conduction bands touch for the rhombohedral phase. (EDT-TTF-CONH2)(6)[Re6Se8(CN)(6)] thus exhibits a regular (right circular) Dirac-cone like that of graphene at the Fermi level, which has not been reported previously in a molecular solid. The Dirac-cone is robust over the stability region of the rhombohedral phase, and may result in exotic electronic transport and optical properties

Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants

BACKGROUND: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age-standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are affecting the number of adults with diabetes. METHODS: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence—defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7·0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs—in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue. FINDINGS: We used data from 751 studies including 4 372 000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4·3% (95% credible interval 2·4–7·0) in 1980 to 9·0% (7·2–11·1) in 2014 in men, and from 5·0% (2·9–7·9) to 7·9% (6·4–9·7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28·5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39·7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31·8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target. INTERPRETATION: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults affected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust

Expression of FOXA1 and GATA-3 in breast cancer: the prognostic significance in hormone receptor-negative tumours

The expression of additional genes, other than oestrogen receptor (ER), may be important to the hormone-responsive phenotype of breast cancer. Microarray analyses have revealed that forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA-3) are expressed in close association with ERalpha, both encoding for transcription factors with a potential involvement in the ERalpha-mediated action in breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore if the expression of FOXA1 and GATA-3 may provide an opportunity to stratify subsets of patients that could have better outcome, among the ERalpha-negative/poor prognosis breast cancer group.The present study was supported by a research grant (SFRH/BD/15316/ 2005 to AA) financed by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT). The authors thank Prof. Raquel Seruca ( coordinator from the Cancer Genetics group at IPATIMUP) for scientific assistance, Dr Jose Luis Costa (postdoctorate at IPATIMUP) for critically reading the manuscript before submission, and Dr Nuno Marcos ( PhD student at IPATIMUP) for artwork assistance