data crossinfection experiment Antagonistic coevolution accelerates the evolution of reproductive isolation in Tribolium castaneum

data crossinfection experiment Antagonistic coevolution accelerates the evolution of reproductive isolation in Tribolium castaneu

data main experiment Antagonistic coevolution accelerates the evolution of reproductive isolation in Tribolium castaneum

data main experiment Antagonistic coevolution accelerates the evolution of reproductive isolation in Tribolium castaneu

Pedigree file

The pedigree (individual identities and parents) used for quantitative genetic analyse

Phenotypic data file

The phenotypic data analysed, including individual identities, years of measurement, morphological and fitness data

Positive phenotypic selection for increased tolerance in Soay sheep.

<p>(A) Mean relLBS is higher in individuals that were more tolerant of infections. The plot was generated from individual estimates of tolerance slopes and relLBS from the model shown in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001917#pbio-1001917-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. Individuals in the four tolerance quartiles are predicted to lose varying amounts of weight between infection levels of 0 and 2,000 strongyle eggs/gram of faeces, as follows: Q1 =  loss of >2.73 kg; Q2 =  loss of 2.72–2.53 kg; Q3 =  loss of 2.52–2.34 kg; Q4 =  loss of <2.34 kg. Data plotting these estimates are shown in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001917#pbio.1001917.s008" target="_blank">Table S7</a>. (B) Estimated selection gradients calculated from the bivariate model of body weight (WT) and relLBS, which is shown in full in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001917#pbio-1001917-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. Selection gradients were calculated for each of 1,000 posterior estimates of the individual VCV matrix as described in the text for individual variation in body weight; in the slope of body weight on FEC—that is, tolerance; and in the slope of body weight on age. Points show mean estimated selection gradient of each trait on LBS±95% CI. The model estimates used to generate <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001917#pbio-1001917-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3B</a> are shown in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001917#pbio.1001917.s009" target="_blank">Table S8</a>.</p

The estimated variance–covariance (VCV) matrix from the full unconstrained phenotypic bivariate random regression model of tolerance [slope of body weight (WT) on strongyle FEC: WT∼FEC] and relLBS using MCMCglmm.

<p>The estimated variances (diagonal, marked with asterisks*), covariances (below diagonal, marked with a superscript ^a), and correlations (above diagonal, marked with a superscript ^b) are shown with the upper and lower 95% HPD intervals in parentheses. The covariance or correlation between a pair of variables is judged to be significant where the 95% HPD intervals do not overlap zero, and these cases are shown in bold italics. “relLBS” refers to the fact that we divided absolute LBS by the sex-specific mean to obtain relative LBS in order to calculate standardized selection gradients.</p

Significant individual-level variation in tolerance of gastrointestinal nematodes by the Soay sheep.

<p>All plots show results of the best-fitting random regression model of tolerance, shown in full in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001917#pbio-1001917-t001" target="_blank">Table 1A</a>. (A) Predicted slopes of the decline in body weight with increasing strongyle FEC for each of the 2,934 individuals in our analyses. Model predictions used for plotting <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001917#pbio-1001917-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2A</a> are given in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001917#pbio.1001917.s006" target="_blank">Table S5</a>. Because of the high density of crossing slopes in (A), we also provide (B) a histogram of the distribution of the estimated individual intercepts of body weight (i.e., body weight where FEC = 0) and (C) a histogram of the estimated slopes of individual changes in body weight from 0 to 2,000 eggs/gram of FEC. The most tolerant hosts lose the least weight; the least tolerant lose the most weight. FECs of up to 2,000 represent >98% of the range of parasite burdens experienced by the population. Model estimates used to generate histograms are given in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001917#pbio.1001917.s007" target="_blank">Table S6</a>.</p

Mean, population-level tolerance of Soay sheep to gastrointestinal nematodes.

<p>The negative association between body weight and strongyle FEC was estimated from data on 4,934 captures of 2,438 individual sheep. Points show mean body weight for each level of FEC (2,000 =  counts of 2,000 eggs/gram or over) ±1 SE. Plot data are shown in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001917#pbio.1001917.s005" target="_blank">Table S4</a>.</p

The estimated variance–covariance matrices from (A) the best-fitting phenotypic random regression model of tolerance and (B) the full random regression animal model.

<p>Note the best-fitting RRAM did not include the additive genetic by FEC interaction V_A×FEC. The estimated variances (diagonal, marked with asterisks*), covariances (below diagonal, marked with a superscript ^a), and correlations (above diagonal, marked with a superscript ^b) are shown with standard errors in parentheses. We were primarily interested in whether the slope—and thus tolerance—variances were significant; these are highlighted in bold italics where significant (see text for details). The heterogeneous residuals allow the residual variance to change with increasing strongyle FEC. We allowed the residual variance in body weight (WT) to vary across four quartiles of FEC.</p