Altruismo y empatía en situaciones que implican costos personales imprevisibles

This current study aimed to investigate the influence of empathic feelings on a risky altruistic behavior of young adults. 60 undergraduate students, aged between 18 and 35 years old took part in an experiment in which they had to decide in rather to give or not raffle tickets to an unfamiliar person, after participating of a gambling game. The tickets were gained after a memory quiz. 30 participants were allocated to an experimental condition named “neutral” in which they freely took their distributive decisions, and the other 30 were allocated to an “emotional” condition, in which empathic feelings were induced, by using a video. Results indicated that the participants’ sex and the experimental manipulation influenced gambling behavior, allowing the participants to be in the “emotional condition”, more prone to altruistic behavior than the participants in the “neutral” condition. Also, the men helped more in a high-cost condition than the women did. These results point that the influence of empathic concern on altruistic behavior in a situation involving risks might be mediated by the sex and the relation between these variables should be better observed in studies on distributive behavior.El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la influencia de los sentimientos empáticos sobre el comportamiento altruista de jóvenes adultos. 60 estudiantes de 18 a 35 años de edad participaron de un experimento en el que tuvieron que decidir dar o no rifas a una persona desconocida, después de participar en un juego de azar. Los biletes se obtuvieron después de ganar un concurso de memoria. 30 participantes fueron asignados a una condición experimental denominada "neutral", en la cual tomaron libremente sus decisiones distributivas, y los otros 30 fueron asignados a una condición "emocional", durante la cual se indujeron sentimientos empáticos, utilizando un video. Los resultados indicaron que el sexo de los participantes y la manipulación experimental influyó en el comportamiento del juego, dejando a los participantes en la "condición emocional" más propensos al comportamiento altruista que los participantes en la condición "neutral". Además, los hombres ayudaron más en una condición de alto costo que las mujeres. Estos resultados apuntan a que la influencia de la preocupación empática sobre el comportamiento altruista en una situación que implica riesgo, podría estar mediada por el sexo y que las relaciones entre estas variables necesitan ser mejor observadas en estudios sobre el comportamiento distributivo

FITOSSOCIOLOGIA DE UMA FLORESTA DE TERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIA SUL-OCIDENTAL, RONDÔNIA, BRASIL

The present study reports floristic composition and phytosociology in 1ha 30 permanent plots of a Terra Firme Forest at South-Western Amazon, inserted at a PPBio’s grid, considering trees DBH ≥ 1cm. 10678 individuals were registered, 89,1% trees and 10,9% palms, belonging to 47 families and 140 genera, within 74 identified at species level. Chrysobalanaceae, Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Lecythidaceae and Burseraceae showed highest values of IVIF. Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae and Urticaceae were most representative in terms of species richness, gathering 42% of local richness. The Shannon-Wiener diversity (H’ = 3.81) and Sorensen floristic similarity (6-81%) índices suggest that the forest environment is not very diversified considering Amazon biome, although presenting high variability of species composition between plots.Keywords: Phytosociology; biodiversity; ESEC Cuniã; PPBio; Southwestern Amazon.Este artigo reporta a florística e fitossociologia de 30 parcelas de 1 ha em uma floresta de Terra Firme na Amazônia Sul-Ocidental, inseridos em uma grade PPBio de 25km² e considerando-se indivíduos de DAP ≥ 1cm. Foram registrados 10679 indivíduos, sendo 89,1% árvores e 10,9% palmeiras, referentes a 196 táxons, dos quais 176 foram identificados em nível específico, distribuídos em 47 famílias e 136 gêneros. Quanto ao Índice de Valor de Importância Familiar (IVIF), os maiores valores foram apresentados pelas famílias Chrysobalanaceae, Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Lecythidaceae e Burseraceae. Em termos de riqueza de espécies, as famílias mais representativas foram Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae e Urticaceae, representando 42% da riqueza local. Os índices de diversidade de Shanon-Weaver (H’ = 3,81) e de similaridade florística calculada pelo índice de Sorensen (variando de 6 a 81%) indicam que a floresta não é muito diversificada, considerando-se o bioma amazônico, mas ainda assim com alta variabilidade da composição de espécies entre as parcelas.Palavras-chave: Fitossociologia, biodiversidade, ESEC Cuniã, PPBio, Amazônia Sul-Ocidental.     

A suplementação de Ômega-3 em pacientes com Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurobehavioral disorder, impacting both children and adults. This integrative review highlights the importance of omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, in brain health and ADHD management.   The reviewed literature emphasizes the crucial role of diet in brain development, with adequate omega-3 intake associated with improved cognitive and behavioral function. Clinical studies demonstrate that omega-3 supplementation can reduce ADHD symptoms, especially hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention.   While omega-3 supplementation offers promising benefits for ADHD management, questions regarding dosage and treatment duration are still debated. While some recommendations suggest specific doses for pregnant and lactating women, there are variations in international guidelines. Additionally, the effectiveness of supplementation appears to depend on the dose and ratio of EPA and DHA administered.   Therefore, although the findings presented in this review offer valuable insights for clinical practice, further research is needed to establish clear dosage and treatment duration guidelines. This highlights the importance of an individualized approach in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, considering the potential benefits of omega-3 supplementation.O Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um distúrbio neurocomportamental prevalente, impactando tanto crianças quanto adultos. Esta revisão integrativa destaca a importância dos ácidos graxos ômega-3, especialmente o EPA e o DHA, na saúde cerebral e no manejo do TDAH. A literatura revisada enfatiza o papel fundamental da dieta no desenvolvimento cerebral, com a ingestão adequada de ômega-3 associada à melhoria da função cognitiva e comportamental. Estudos clínicos demonstram que a suplementação de ômega-3 pode reduzir os sintomas do TDAH, especialmente hiperatividade, impulsividade e desatenção. Embora a suplementação de ômega-3 ofereça benefícios promissores para o manejo do TDAH, questões sobre dosagem e duração do tratamento ainda estão em debate. Enquanto algumas recomendações sugerem doses específicas para gestantes e lactantes, há variações nas diretrizes internacionais. Além disso, a eficácia da suplementação parece depender da dose e proporção de EPA e DHA administradas. Portanto, embora os resultados apresentados nesta revisão ofereçam insights valiosos para a prática clínica, são necessárias mais pesquisas para estabelecer diretrizes claras de dosagem e duração do tratamento. Isso destaca a importância de uma abordagem individualizada no diagnóstico e tratamento do TDAH, considerando os benefícios potenciais da suplementação de ômega-3

Brazilian guidelines for endovascular treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke

ABSTRACT These guidelines are the result of a joint effort from writing groups of the Brazilian Stroke Society, the Scientific Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology, the Brazilian Stroke Network and the Brazilian Society of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology. Members from these groups participated in web-based discussion forums with predefined themes, followed by videoconference meetings in which controversies and position statements were discussed, leading to a consensus. This guidelines focuses on the implications of the recent clinical trials on endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke due to proximal arterial occlusions, and the final text aims to guide health care providers, health care managers and public health authorities in managing patients with this condition in Brazil

ABC₂-SPH risk score for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients:development, external validation and comparison with other available scores

Objectives: The majority of available scores to assess mortality risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in the emergency department have high risk of bias. Therefore, this cohort aimed to develop and validate a score at hospital admission for predicting in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients and to compare this score with other existing ones. Methods: Consecutive patients (≥ 18 years) with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to the participating hospitals were included. Logistic regression analysis was performed to develop a prediction model for in-hospital mortality, based on the 3978 patients admitted between March–July, 2020. The model was validated in the 1054 patients admitted during August–September, as well as in an external cohort of 474 Spanish patients. Results: Median (25–75th percentile) age of the model-derivation cohort was 60 (48–72) years, and in-hospital mortality was 20.3%. The validation cohorts had similar age distribution and in-hospital mortality. Seven significant variables were included in the risk score: age, blood urea nitrogen, number of comorbidities, C-reactive protein, SpO2/FiO2 ratio, platelet count, and heart rate. The model had high discriminatory value (AUROC 0.844, 95% CI 0.829–0.859), which was confirmed in the Brazilian (0.859 [95% CI 0.833–0.885]) and Spanish (0.894 [95% CI 0.870–0.919]) validation cohorts, and displayed better discrimination ability than other existing scores. It is implemented in a freely available online risk calculator (https://abc2sph.com/). Conclusions: An easy-to-use rapid scoring system based on characteristics of COVID-19 patients commonly available at hospital presentation was designed and validated for early stratification of in-hospital mortality risk of patients with COVID-19.</p

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema