25,619 research outputs found
Microdosimetric concepts relevant to HZE-particles
The biological effectiveness of HZE-particles
i s determined by the extreme microscopic concentrations
of energy transfer in the vicinity
of the particle tracks. The concept of linear
energy transfer fails to describe this situation
adequately. The more rigorous microdosimetric
concepts are presented. A simplified
treatment, based on the radial distribution
of energy around the track core, is then considered
International Idealism Meets Domestic-Criminal-Procedure Realism
Though international criminal justice has flourished over the last two decades, scholars have neglected institutional design and procedure questions. International-criminal-procedure scholarship has developed in isolation from its domestic counterpart but could learn much realism from it. Given its current focus on atrocities like genocide, international criminal law\u27s main purpose should be not only to inflict retribution but also to restore wounded communities by bringing the truth to light. The international justice system needs more ideological balance, stable career paths, and civil-service expertise. It should also draw on the American experience of federalism to cultivate cooperation with national authorities and select fewer cases for international prosecution. Revised plea bargaining and sentencing rules could learn from American experience and pitfalls, husbanding scarce resources and minimizing haggling, yet still buying needed cooperation. Finally, in blending adversarial and inquisitorial systems, international criminal justice has jettisoned too many safeguards of either one. It should reform discovery, speedy-trial rules, witness preparation, cross-examination, and victims\u27 rights in light of domestic experience. Just as international criminal law can benefit from domestic realism, domestic law could incorporate more international idealism and accountability, creating healthy political pressures to discipline and publicize enforcement decisions
International Idealism Meets Domestic-Criminal-Procedure Realism
Though international criminal justice has flourished over the last two decades, scholars have neglected institutional design and procedure questions. International-criminal-procedure scholarship has developed in isolation from its domestic counterpart but could learn much realism from it. Given its current focus on atrocities like genocide, international criminal law\u27s main purpose should be not only to inflict retribution but also to restore wounded communities by bringing the truth to light. The international justice system needs more ideological balance, stable career paths, and civil-service expertise. It should also draw on the American experience of federalism to cultivate cooperation with national authorities and select fewer cases for international prosecution. Revised plea bargaining and sentencing rules could learn from American experience and pitfalls, husbanding scarce resources and minimizing haggling, yet still buying needed cooperation. Finally, in blending adversarial and inquisitorial systems, international criminal justice has jettisoned too many safeguards of either one. It should reform discovery, speedy-trial rules, witness preparation, cross-examination, and victims\u27 rights in light of domestic experience. Just as international criminal law can benefit from domestic realism, domestic law could incorporate more international idealism and accountability, creating healthy political pressures to discipline and publicize enforcement decisions
Medicaid Policy and Long-Term Care Spending: An Interactive View
Examines state variations in Medicaid spending on long-term care and links between coverage policies and spending. Outlines potential factors, limitations of conventional methods of measurement, and an approach that includes interactions between policies
Adiabatic Connection for Strictly-Correlated Electrons
Modern density functional theory (DFT) calculations employ the Kohn-Sham (KS)
system of non-interacting electrons as a reference, with all complications
buried in the exchange-correlation energy (Exc). The adiabatic connection
formula gives an exact expression for Exc. We consider DFT calculations that
instead employ a reference of strictly-correlated electrons. We define a
"decorrelation energy" that relates this reference to the real system, and
derive the corresponding adiabatic connection formula. We illustrate this
theory in three situations, namely the uniform electron gas, Hooke's atom, and
the stretched hydrogen molecule. The adiabatic connection for
strictly-correlated electrons provides an alternative perspective for
understanding density functional theory and constructing approximate
functionals.Comment: 4 figures, has been published in J. Chem. Phy
The Coase Conjecture in Continuous Time: Imperfect Durability Endogenous Durability and Aftermarkets
The annual number of breeding adults and the effective population size of syntopic newts (Triturus cristatus, T-marmoratus)
Pond-breeding amphibians are deme-structured organisms with a population genetic structure particularly susceptible to demographic threats. We estimated the effective number of breeding adults (N-b) and the effective population size (N-e) of the European urodele amphibians Triturus cristatus (the crested newt) and T. marmoratus (the marbled newt), using temporal shifts in microsatellite allele frequencies. Eight microsatellite loci isolated from a T. cristatus library were used, five of which proved polymorphic in T. marmoratus, albeit with high frequencies of null alleles at two loci. Three ponds in western France were sampled, situated 4-10 kilometres apart and inhabited by both species. Parent-offspring cohort comparisons were used to measure N-b; samples collected at time intervals of nine or 12 years, respectively, were used to measure N-e. The adult population census size (N) was determined by mark-recapture techniques. With one exception, genetic distances (F-ST) between temporal samples were lower than among populations. N-b ranged between 10.6 and 101.8 individuals, N-e ranged between 9.6 and 13.4 individuals. For the pond where both parameters were available, N-b/N (overall range: 0.10-0.19) was marginally larger than N-e/N (overall range: 0.09-0.16), which is reflected in the temporal stability of N. In line with the observed differences in reproductive life-histories between the species, N-b/N ratios for newts were about one order of magnitude higher than for the anuran amphibian Bufo bufo. Despite of the colonization of the study area by T. cristatus only some decades ago, no significant genetic bottleneck could be detected. Our findings give rise to concerns about the long-term demographic viability of amphibian populations in situations typical for European landscapes
A radiative transfer model for microwave emissions from bare agricultural soils
A radiative transfer model for microwave emissions from bare, stratified agricultural soils was developed to assist in the analysis of data gathered in the joint soil moisture experiment. The predictions of the model were compared with preliminary X band (2.8 cm) microwave and ground based observations. Measured brightness temperatures at vertical and horizontal polarizations can be used to estimate the moisture content of the top centimeter of soil with + or - 1 percent accuracy. It is also shown that the Stokes parameters can be used to distinguish between moisture and surface roughness effects
- …