The Influence of Casting Machine Speed in Cellulose Acetate Membrane Preparation

Membranes are being increasingly used as a valuable separation tool in laboratory as well as in industrial processes. Continual development of new membrane materials is crucial to sustain and expand the growing interest in this technology and modern polymer chemistry is highly proficient in tailoring polymers with desired properties such as increased mechanical, thermal and chemical stability. Cellulose acetate (CA) is one of the membrane polymers that has been used for aqueous based separation and used as both reverses osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. This paper presents investigation of influence of casting machine speed in membrane preparation. CA is used in this study. That was CA-398-30 with average acetyl content 39.8 wt %. Non solvent used is water and the solvent is 99.7 % organic Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). The homogenous CA/DMSO solutions were prepared by dissolving CA in DMSO solvent. The CA concentration were varied 13 and 16 % while casting solution speed were varied from 20 to 80 mm/sec with distance cutting machine were fixed at 14 cm. In addition, non solvent in coagulation bath also were varied by 100 % water and 10 % DMSO in water. The results of this experiment describe effect of casting machine speed to water permeability. The effect of CA concentration to water permeability shows the adversative result between 13 and 16 % CA in 100 non solvent water. The similar result also observed in 10 % DMSO in water

Utilizing Shear Factor Model and Adding Viscosity Term in Improving a Two-Dimensional Model of Fluid Flow in Non Uniform Porous Media

In a packed bed catalytic reactor, the fluid flow phenomena are very complicated because the fluid and solid particle interactions dissipate the energy. The governing equations were developed in the forms of specific models. The shear factor model was introduced in the momentum equation for covering the effect of flow and solid interactions in porous media. A two dimensional numerical solution for this kind of flow has been constructed using the finite volume method. The porous media porosity was treated as non-uniform distribution in the radial direction. Experimentally, the axial velocity profiles produce the trend of having global maximum and minimum peaks at distance very close to the wall. This trend is also accurately picked up by the numerical result. A more comprehensive shear factor formulation results a better velocity prediction than other correlations do. Our derivation on the presence of porous media leads to an additional viscosity term. The effect of this additional viscosity term was investigated numerically. It is found that the additional viscosity term improves the velocity prediction for the case of higher ratio between tube and particle diameter

Pengambilan Minyak Kedelai Dari Ampas Tahu Sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Biodiesel

Soybeans are the largest commodity after rice in Indonesia. Needs to reach 2.3 million tons per year. Of this amount 50% is consumed in the form of tempeh, 40% in the form of knowing, and 10% of soybean oil. From tofu production, tofu waste generated. In this study, fat on tofu extracted for soybean oil used as biodiesel feedstock. The results are then analyzed for compared to standard biodiesel feedstock. This study aimed to calculate the weight of fat extracted from the tofu waste to extraction time and the type of solvent and determines the composition of the oil tofu. The results showed that the extraction time and the type of solvent affects the amount of fat that can be extracted. Benzene is a solvent that can extract oil better than the solvents toluene and n-hexane. Benzene had five hours optimum to extract the fat in the tofu. From the analysis, it is known that the FFA content of soybean oil using benzene was 4.8%, smaller than toluene (5.4%) and n-heksane (5.8%). While these numbers obtained by saponification 184.22 mgKOH/gr for benzene, 193.55 mgKOH/gr for toluene and 184.22 mgKOH/gr for n-heksane. The content of phosphorus of 0.19 for benzene, 0.23 for toluene and 0.12% for n-heksane. This value is still in the major categories that must be passed before pretreatment process trough transesterification into biodiesel

Pengikatan Karbon Dioksida Dengan Mikroalga ( Chlorella Vulgaris, Chlamydomonas SP., Spirullina SP. ) Dalam Upaya Untuk Meningkatkan Kemurnian Biogas

Biogas is gas which the main contents are 55-75% methane and 25-45% carbon dioxide. Removing CO2 content in biogas will improving biogas\u27s quality itself, so that the calorific value on biogas will be higher. One way to removing CO2is with utilize microalgae\u27s ability to absorb CO2in photosynthesis phenomena. Purposes of this research are to measure the optimal amount of CO2 absorbed by microalgae and determine the type of microalgae is the best at absorbing CO2. This research designed with variety types of microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris, Chlamydomonas sp., and Spirulina sp. and variety gas flow rate variabels are 20, 60, 100, 150, 200, 300 mL / min. From analysis results, at gas flow rate 20 mL / min each microalgae can absorb CO2optimally. Spirullina sp. has the highest percentage of absorbed CO2 among Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas sp., which is by 8,91%. This study also showed that Spirullina sp. has 0,136 g/L biomass enhancement, and that is the highest biomass enhancement among Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp., which only has 0,136 g/L and 0,130 g/L biomass enhancement

Pembuatan Bioetanol Hasil Hidrolisa Bonggol Pisang Dengan Fermentasi Menggunakan Saccaromycess Cereviceae

Ethanol (C2H5OH) is the liquid from the fermentation of sugars from carbohydrate sources using the help of microorganisms. Bioethanol can also be interpreted as a chemical that is produced from foodstuffs containing starch, such as cassava, sweet potato, corn, and sago.This study was conducted to obtain bioethanol from banana weevil in acid hydrolysis of microbial fermentation and using Saccaromyces cereviceae. In this study using a variable that is fixed for the hydrolysis temperature of 80°C and a concentration of 0.1 N HCl and for fermentation pH:5, temperature: 30°C (room temperature), by microbial Saccaromyces cereviceae. As for the variable change is the addition of starter (4%, 6%, 8% starter) and fermentation time (1 day, 2 day, 3 day, 4 days, 5 days). In this study obtained results that the addition of starter and long variables derived fermentation ethanol content is highest at 4% starter, fermentation 4 days ie 10.03% v / v, for starters 6%, 4 days of fermentation that is 11.19% v/v, and 8% for the starter, fermentation of 5 days ie 12.20% v / v. While the levels of total (ml ethanol / kg of banana weevil) is highest in the addition of starter 8% and 5 days is a long fermentation 912.9003 (ml ethanol / kg of banana weevil). In this fermentation using banana weevil substrate with a water content of 22.25% and glucose levels after hydrolyzed is 13.56%

Pengaruh Katalis Asam (H2so4) dan Suhu Reaksi dalam Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Limbah Minyak Ikan

Biodesel is a fuel that consists of a mixture of monoalkyl esters of long fatty acid used as an alternative for. The purpose of this study was to produce biodiesel using fish waste as raw materials and the influence of the acid catalyst and reaction temperature on biodiesel specifications. For fixed variables consist of: weight of fish oil, cooking time, comparison of oil content of methanol, catalyst wt%, while variable changes consist of: the amount of acid catalyst, and reaction temperature. Variation of catalyst used in this study were 1 ml, 2 ml, 3 ml, and 4 ml, while the variation for the reaction temperature is 50oC, 60oC, 70oC and 80oC. In this study consists of two stages. The first stage is making biodesel which consists of: preparation and analysis of fish oils, esterification and transesterification of triglycerides and glycerol separation. In the second phase is to analyze the physical properties biodesel result of transesterification The results obtained that the change in temperature and amount of catalyst H2SO4 affect the yield value, viscosity, density and refractive index of biodiesel. The changes affect the amount of catalyst H2SO4 calorific value of biodiesel. In the process of making biodiesel from fish oil obtained results close to Test for specific gravity, viscosity and refractive index is a variation of temperature (70oC, 80oC; amount of catalyst H2SO4 1 ml, 2 ml, 3 ml, 4 ml) and variations in temperature (60oC amount of catalyst 3 ml, 4 ml). The calorific value of biodiesel from fish oil every variation of catalyst amount is far below the heating value of SNI, which is between 5190 - 5575 kcal / kg