Structural Analysis of a Long-distance Double-decker Bus During Crashes

Este estudio presenta un análisis de colisiones de impacto frontal y volcamiento lateral de un autobús de dos pisos, conforme al Reglamento 66 y 29 de la Comisión Económica de las Naciones Unidas para Europa (UN/ECE), y el Servicio Ecuatoriano de Normalización (INEN) con su normativa 1323:2009, encargado de regular los autobuses para el transporte de pasajeros en el Ecuador. En la actualidad la mejora constante de la seguridad activa y pasiva de los autobuses con respecto a los accidentes es un tema de gran impacto social. En este contexto se analiza la colisión de un autobús de dos pisos aplicando el método de elementos finitos (MEF), el cual es sometido a diferentes escenarios de colisión como es de un impacto frontal y un volcamiento lateral, con la finalidad de estudiar los efectos de un accidente de este tipo de estructuras donde la normativa no es específica para esta clase de vehículos. Los resultados obtenidos permiten tener en cuenta consideraciones importantes al momento del diseño de estos elementos.In this study, an analyze of frontal and lateral rollover collisions of a double-decker bus is carried out in accordance with Regulations 66 and 29 of the United Nations Economic Commission of Europe (UN/ECE), and the Ecuadorian Standardization Service Institute (INEN) with its normative 1323:2009. The INEN is on charge of regulating the approval of buses for Ecuadorian transportation passengers. The constant improvement of the active and passive safety of buses about accidents is currently a great social impact topic. In this context, the presented article analyzes the collision of a double-decker bus by applying the finite element method (FEM), in which is submitted to different collision scenarios such as, frontal impact and lateral overturning. In order to study the effects of different types of structure accidents which the regulations does not specific for this kind of vehicles. The obtained results allows to have different considerations at the design moment

Análisis estructural de un bus de dos pisos de larga distancia durante colisiones

Este estudio presenta un análisis de colisiones de impacto frontal y volcamiento lateral de un autobús de dos pisos, conforme al Reglamento 66 y 29 de la Comisión Económica de las Naciones Unidas para Europa (UN/ECE), y el Servicio Ecuatoriano de Normalización (INEN) con su normativa 1323:2009, encargado de regular los autobuses para el transporte de pasajeros en el Ecuador. En la actualidad la mejora constante de la seguridad activa y pasiva de los autobuses con respecto a los accidentes es un tema de gran impacto social. En este contexto se analiza la colisión de un autobús de dos pisos aplicando el método de elementos finitos (MEF), el cual es sometido a diferentes escenarios de colisión como es de un impacto frontal y un volcamiento lateral, con la finalidad de estudiar los efectos de un accidente de este tipo de estructuras donde la normativa no es específica para esta clase de vehículos. Los resultados obtenidos permiten tener en cuenta consideraciones importantes al momento del diseño de estos elementos.//This study presents an analysis of frontal impact and lateral overturn collisions of a double-decker bus, carried out in accordance with Regulations 66 and 29 of the United Nations Economic Commission of Europe (UN/ECE), and the Ecuadorian Standardization Service Institute (INEN) with its regulation 1323:2009. The INEN is on charge of regulating the buses for transportation of Ecuadorian passengers. The continuous improvement of active and passive safety of buses with respect to accidents, is currently a topic with great social impact. In this context, the present paper applies the finite element method (FEM) to analyze the behavior of a double-decker bus subject to different collision scenarios, such as frontal impact and lateral overturn, with the purpose of studying the effects of an accident of this type of structure, considering that the existing regulations are not specific for this kind of vehicles. The obtained results enable taking into account different considerations when designing these elements

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Análisis de vuelco de la estructura de un bus de dos pisos de servicio de transporte de pasajeros interprovincial

En el presente trabajo de fin de grado se realiza un análisis de un ensayo de volcamiento lateral de un autobús de dos pisos, conforme a lo que dicta el Reglamento 66 de la UNECE, y el Servicio Ecuatoriano de Normalización, el cual está encargado de regular la homologación los autobuses para el transporte de pasajeros en el Ecuador.In this end-of-grade work, an analysis of a lateral overturning test of a double-decker bus is carried out, in accordance with UNECE Regulation 66, and the Ecuadorian Standardization Service, which is in charge of regulating the homologation of buses for passenger transport in Ecuador

The value of open-source clinical science in pandemic response: lessons from ISARIC

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